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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old( m2 y8 H4 \& w, c, Z3 e  M
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical4 ^' \) N2 t$ A5 o1 w) x# z) {
Exposure to Testosterone) ~( o  {: i  Q# r! V9 B6 i, t
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 r4 i! P; E4 E) }- T" Fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
& e1 Q! a$ |2 GClinical Pediatrics
+ i& M& M& C3 j+ S6 wVolume 46 Number 6& y/ v6 q% n0 l3 P% Q
July 2007 540-543
$ @5 v9 A/ V1 {) \5 l. [# [5 N, _4 N© 2007 Sage Publications  s4 G) U% j- Q1 `1 E! @
10.1177/0009922806296651
* f. R% t  _9 W+ c0 H- Jhttp://clp.sagepub.com
- X- p+ Z! Z( Z% O/ [4 A* R+ L6 Yhosted at
! M- p& X# {8 `, ^http://online.sagepub.com
% S- z- P" y( @& y2 k4 D% {% SPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,' k  J7 g6 c6 I! Q
is a significant concern for physicians. Central1 X0 N5 F7 R( G( z) @  ~
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
% v0 j6 E! T# _8 k' qthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
8 s4 D1 [* t8 [6 n' O, k  `a higher incidence of organic central nervous system3 a0 I' [% B; C/ P2 C
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
, @7 b3 w  q2 j6 n  n, c" lby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) K5 p+ ?+ Q3 j! X' ?8 x
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-% {$ n7 ^: r, H* T* K- w
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: t# y) i  W" E& T, w/ g1 freport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
# `2 }  \9 L" ^, |enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-5 S# P7 ^' p; M9 T
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due* R! G4 L/ l5 n/ e8 E: ?, y9 G+ K9 {& ^
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by6 {% o0 c1 Z# N1 l* I9 l  w
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 U- e" f) q/ `5 b7 q8 O# N. W
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
8 @1 w7 L5 c' I0 ~child. Given the widespread and easy availability of% @& V3 m: @. Y' j  b! S2 c
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. ?; K& c. `& p3 E. Z
bly more common than the rare case report in the
) k( A- e7 R5 L! Eliterature.4
) j$ A# M' L; bPatient Report
* Q4 `: ~( }0 s( RA 16-month-old white child was referred to the8 r% F. B1 q/ n9 i% ?7 w& O
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
0 `! `" d: j! [$ u3 g3 k. _of early sexual development. His mother noticed
' g. p& }& l* s5 O1 @% q9 hlight colored pubic hair development when he was/ X& A; u! \  V. v
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of  j+ n; ^) F  a* }3 R
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." L/ M) I! D. p# [. x
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
7 ^, k4 Z/ b4 E3 \5 m8 |$ NProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of6 T" y7 f7 Y# Y4 Q7 k+ w( x* L
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
7 B# c+ a% F1 ^* n/ Ze-mail: [email protected].
3 L, S' S% U' T3 Kabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* \% X+ o5 z: P3 f. Mdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 C8 ~" u6 R6 S; K: j. t
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; y& r6 t2 ]7 N/ bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with" b- n" v! [4 b
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 ?) `( @7 p8 q20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
& R0 R2 D5 g& _# Mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with- A  I6 A1 u& l5 u7 o
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
, J" D. ~7 P9 M+ w& Gand his psychosocial and psychomotor development8 C0 Z! ~" `1 u7 b; D+ P, h
was age appropriate.
: n- q* O0 y, D( R3 W) M* OThe family history was remarkable for the father,) q5 W+ O7 e9 L& i  x/ [
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
* i! ^" A1 @8 x& Rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: H6 F& x" z% o% L
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat6 V( F( g  g( t9 H4 l
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.$ v! z7 v4 T8 o, ?2 O
The father denied taking any other medication. The+ f) I7 q  E1 W: S  F3 e
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
4 H8 F  s& P/ M) P  Swas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( g4 W2 I2 a0 s# H' C( _5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
! B. U+ f" U7 N" L$ R( \cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 [4 X( ~6 H  m" X
tives. There were no siblings.
' \9 F' A* x7 W7 p  CPhysical Examination
7 Q$ m* m) _# P5 p. z/ \The physical examination revealed a very active,
5 c2 y, e) N1 {- H' lplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" ~0 s1 F6 ]8 D* [
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was7 U: _5 h% B$ f
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg2 G9 }  w4 E1 H' Z( U# ^: p
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
+ A% g5 u% F2 @- s+ bvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
& l5 n0 ?7 W, X, j9 w0 t  E5 Y5 ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, s, Z# x, R0 `8 h* H1 [) mThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for% |) A1 i, O9 }
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
% _$ S" M  T! S, K: Z/ g. S3 Q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& `1 L# f4 E4 Z) o$ @% X4 h# W/ z& Fdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: F0 |% ~0 D/ H; f: ^1 H: ?7 ^540
4 B1 D- t4 v& {, Sat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 \' l9 ~2 r/ A/ o4 zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 N6 t2 U4 z2 T1 ?testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
7 @1 e8 I0 h/ V7 w1 YThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
/ q% x' n5 Z! C, xoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! H- z) s2 ^7 D
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.0 S' ?3 w' ^/ d
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! Z. I- v9 V  x) S5 W
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
: u8 f! l5 e. n# `$ [- vof papilledema.+ z. c6 w; W- p5 n7 s" ]5 @& z
Laboratory Evaluation6 J$ t$ U3 |4 D  C% P
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
3 ?5 y; }. N7 z1 Wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
  B; ?1 l8 o# P3 l- Vlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal5 A5 R; v' K# }) \- n' e
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test1 W4 I- I1 o4 U3 Z# \! \
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-5 J; Z1 f' z8 E2 ~/ |7 u
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
* K+ X5 K0 U$ dThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% ^6 f  V: A$ L$ j, Z$ I
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
; y7 i3 e( _4 D3 c$ kwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
: G' v# ~. ^! q- i+ b9 C! f7 r  Oof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% K7 {! O2 Z5 m& h7 Y% |% x" _. w9 m(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
6 j! q$ {+ [" y. a, ]ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' T7 A  Q( n# Q7 u# V# B: k* g
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ x$ D1 Y3 q% e
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 ]7 ~1 G" M$ x. s( ^  a& v
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- c& n7 F0 h( r0 r0 e- M
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-+ K7 X1 w( Y1 G
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
1 o5 x; a. L" C: }6 f0 b! ], itestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& _% D" C  H, |" @" ~
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# d# v: ~6 v* y3 Y- D5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
1 R. z! X% b, \4 t6 k3 vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
( G" X+ g; Y2 f# E1 Q" Gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
8 w6 D% Z% I1 I9 a, k2 ^5 e(prepubertal).
$ \' i1 u( i5 ~2 j. HThe parents were notified about the laboratory+ e# T1 U/ q0 o  z
results and were informed that all of the tests were/ L, d0 o1 [% d  R' S
normal except the testosterone level was high. The) ?" W; f6 Z% ^3 E8 x, J
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' [% `% {+ ?3 w; Pobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
4 U! q: D3 |0 L- O6 ^: b1 oever, the family did not return for 4 months.* e; p9 o6 C6 g, J! d
Physical examination at this time revealed that the6 C3 \) }! e$ I; Y% W3 F
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 R* D0 ]! R3 ~3 [2 Y1 m5 n1 Y
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
# Z6 W8 ?; F2 y7 W' a; wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-$ T9 i& J! i2 f; F
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at% ?0 J% ~3 v  ]9 I6 d
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
9 G$ f3 U5 p' L3 }4 |. R3 |: c( LmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% [3 R: l" ]- o# q2 ]The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
2 Q7 j; I) }% t4 R5 s) Y' Ting frequent erections.
! L( s, Z% n/ ]  h- l0 C& ZBoth parents were again questioned about use of
( T/ m9 X$ l# O9 O/ Q, ?any ointment/creams that they may have applied to5 S  }9 S- E$ d' o- g% I/ e. e
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, K% x# E) \7 f4 Y9 R4 Y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5418 K+ {8 j4 F) O) r
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-! _7 |9 Y: m0 O7 [0 A+ T$ x" c& B
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
! d! ~/ s8 z& z2 {4 o1 ^  G: F. Ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed3 L9 s: i, {7 ^+ o/ o1 v" w
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-* r8 C, P' w, z; }6 }. R
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido. g( B5 U+ f/ s. l
secondary to depression.4 C0 X. \- T" C" c* Z
The child slept in the same bed with parents.5 _1 t6 Q) X3 ~& R
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his5 X, S: H# y/ _* p# G+ t! F) h
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) _' g  R" f3 [( bnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
5 Y" x/ }7 v; o5 K$ z4 N  ]The father also admitted that after the phone call,$ _1 m' B- ]( N* t9 ?) M
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby' C7 ~0 C% ?1 N. F
was high, he then read the product information& s# ]$ n8 F; ?  B" o
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
+ I3 w& v; K6 X7 a$ ]/ Cson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 r* J# X7 C. B) B' |+ G& tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the2 w6 s7 p% c) X
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had5 u, L. ^7 {# U  s1 Z  e
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 T! r5 x3 v$ v0 @test was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 t2 }) b# {3 F' V- Y, c1 \: _
laboratory to obtain the test.
/ K0 Q  Z' u, y0 e0 [5 w) mDiscussion% y# _: {1 I' q6 H$ r8 P
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 y* o6 M- T, Z) Q" b9 m" g8 qsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 T- t5 U# \3 @. dPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when! E! _( q' t: p6 x( ~5 V8 f
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-. J/ {+ o/ e, @6 O' Q
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 Y0 d9 t% b0 ?- \* Emon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. S2 g* E  ~( ^  D4 Gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
  _  J1 u0 X9 a! mresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
& e$ E7 a$ _" @) Q* p# P& Z. w7 eamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
( q% M1 p) }6 s! Osis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in# x* }' ?) d8 H  Z3 k( Z, z3 R& Y
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ B5 y" t6 x" h: K$ o5 c' D( _( jization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) @: q( p1 v% ?; ?0 N5 E& ^
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by$ I) R4 q( f/ {" b1 e
gonadotropins.1,3
7 E; K! t6 i; J/ B8 }7 \Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-( q. w* Z" a3 h
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate0 `) w. m8 }6 d
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
# I9 C8 L" @6 L& W* I; Y/ Cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 K9 i( x2 [, O$ d3 Pulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# d: o8 P4 B# Q. b$ k
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive( M7 m: \% G* ~+ X. {# g2 N0 U% t. ?
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
! F% e7 ]# @" w3 Y! P  _0 |' _puberty in boys.3,4
( w% D! F' Z/ B& `+ U1 s" l5 wThe most common form of congenital adrenal
/ D3 x# A, H9 W% j- r% Y1 dhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ x9 r* g/ ^6 \
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 X6 U2 K8 C, v6 I
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,) O) l4 ^* H/ `
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, t" W7 B# J9 ^- p, M
excess.1,3+ C  C* U6 Y9 {- a) Y! K
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 }/ o& A2 D) f: y* t+ y( B
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
1 f4 W1 n3 p, @. c  s' [; RA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
1 {4 n- E. B  G- Q! q+ c. kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known3 D$ ]% E9 H; s  h7 P! e5 k* T- `, T3 j
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a9 D  r! |2 X! g3 [1 ^5 B
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
" o+ G" R) r+ Ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,
+ ^& {+ F& I6 K; _% Sincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys' O* b5 g5 G7 j/ B4 _5 R( P
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder. m6 J  }& h) r' {5 x5 F* Q1 O6 ^
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# `! o6 J  k" q* V8 L. n/ B0 k
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
" ]* h; u; }" F8 W4 X7 W. }8 Kreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked, K8 `3 A! @# U# n/ V- |; @0 k4 {
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only& f1 {, ~0 ^& t+ s6 X/ n
males; therefore, other male members of the family$ i! S! C6 d% N
may have similar precocious puberty.3# @6 J& r7 u, S( o! M0 h, X
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
6 Y- K2 ^/ E$ c& m4 {sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( H- J+ }* G6 G7 N5 J5 T0 G2 a
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis) X: j: p: m* Y5 b  K
was in the differential diagnosis because his father+ O9 ^" p, p, U& B
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 M5 k+ m2 q' \# d/ f% ?+ C. G
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the5 `) i. @, d/ ?2 e8 a9 B7 K. m
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
& r% |5 O- R5 z3 G! B2 Fative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ c6 L1 P- U" T9 a5 j# bbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,! G' [6 b2 |/ B! F; K' H
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase7 W& ?  m2 h0 c6 j1 d* i! I
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( E3 g+ K$ g5 @; H, r1 m0 h9 fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.3 W, I, G9 d* \& B  v1 ]
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% S# B& t$ @5 r
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. f, }4 A1 _$ r/ C" Y
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-. g) T' A  z6 O) t( @0 L3 J: ^
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' D/ G" u% b% E
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-7 l# S' g4 j4 f9 V- Y) k& _' b
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
" }1 T$ J* t. ~3 U4 Fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’$ v! v  c& u, k' |
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
8 [& [0 \8 C1 h1 u" ncream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to4 L  }2 o8 Y! E0 W7 y6 A# o
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
* R1 N6 N. o7 [2 h' eSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ ^7 n( W/ S' w" _/ k4 i1 |. B- P: Hbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
# B$ B0 x1 ]( U$ |: ~- A( b+ ?even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
+ X& w. {" e' V, k+ T8 l) C/ Qpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) i% `1 N: C( o
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' S7 a; T. |$ L1 b0 IOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ }' V- G% @, @) S  R
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that6 t* ]" h# K9 D0 T( f1 t
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: K2 o; O+ s& rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
: u  F/ O6 u. n2 Sactive in young children exposed to testosterone! J: q2 y6 R6 I7 B  j! y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
( b" _" g* t5 I) D4 u# Qdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" x: E% U. c7 k+ O" k1 X+ _; Z" mvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in$ H' g: y' j; ]% m  y- N
children results in an increase in growth velocity and, Z) b  E  ^0 [! b& t. _
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 y" l$ U; ^2 F3 v8 M& DThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: Q( V$ Q7 E" q' zearly childhood on pubertal development and final
+ I0 u$ g, t7 j$ D6 V  ~, Aadult height are not fully known and always remain) Y4 C" F7 X& T- E
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' S1 E" p- d1 q* }$ [" p' Oterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
/ t5 j* k6 H% M. w" j: facceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( R- W. y& g# j7 F) B/ kcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation; f" {0 l6 L5 W& T: h
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 q1 ?; N, \8 u, s' N8 {. [
There are conflicting reports and controversy- e/ q4 F' o# F4 E1 w. {/ U
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
# v" @1 z: Z  }9 Upenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
: [8 o! \) C- C6 z3 badult penile length, apparently because of downreg-6 T& O% [6 h) D8 W/ x$ f0 @( X
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
" W* H2 u9 {# L0 [1 d7 V5 v* YSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* j9 O: g( d7 f# ]4 {! fchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ ]9 ?9 W; i& P. V
penile length in clinical studies.
2 Y; e0 D7 b4 y, J* BNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
1 U& {1 b, t# W8 y; g" n7 u3 H7 K& S3 rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
  f) k1 _$ z2 D  e1 F! ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# ]) g" g" ?/ p) ythe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.) X9 E: s$ ]! d6 C0 h6 _
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of$ `( R6 z/ b$ Q, F, ^7 A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 `+ D- m* f  H' M4 h9 g4 vthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
$ F( V, b8 v3 E) _( w/ Yheight will not be affected.5 _' ^; m. r9 Y2 K4 m) Y3 H+ d
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-( b. O3 t% q/ r( \* T! f" Q
ability of androgen products in our society may
7 q4 R+ \. m5 j/ G+ F$ v- C0 Bindeed cause more virilization in male or female! R& Z8 L! P2 Y/ B1 r4 ]
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-9 e9 @" j/ M- S2 d, ~$ j
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
! o& G% f: X+ htioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# x# q% {" |% d( ?/ E4 Mgel should be asked of the family members during  B" S6 e# A. A3 a
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-: @$ Y' u7 e$ V4 b* e0 r! P& t9 q( F* Q
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 J1 d& j2 g8 g8 M* \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by5 e+ Y* B; |9 V8 u9 i
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
# X2 U6 v1 H. U) I' n3 jhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ r; A! d7 g6 V# E
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive5 W# V) Z. ]+ V) C
investigation. The primary care physician should be
2 w1 c: z) Q% B# Y3 f  Aaware of this fact, because most of these children4 B4 d5 |8 \, `0 X5 B/ f
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ k& t8 [% ?0 S( C1 l0 JDesk Reference and package insert should also put a$ Q; z; E7 v) n0 L$ n
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or' C7 ]0 ?6 V7 w) E: N- F/ [: n! h
female child who might come in contact with some-( H- h' v, L7 |% H# {4 ?* k
one using any of these products.: s/ }* W( `% b# K+ u" r7 B
References
8 a3 a- y8 ?2 q& W7 T8 c7 o* `" `+ q& w1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation3 w  y( [! N$ c8 T' r/ r
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- A) H( B* e! gEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
  g/ E+ |/ }- e% I# W2002: 565-628.* S6 F2 ], H$ a5 k2 {: A& L
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
8 g' @( q# u9 ]puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 J" i1 j5 Q4 L+ y: z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical7 ~; ^/ |. o; U/ m$ Z$ v
Exposure to Testosterone. H/ W- X. s$ s7 u, p
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 I3 }+ \3 B& |$ H8 Cand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
- k3 N( f: d$ ~% MClinical Pediatrics
+ B/ _% f$ v  e( f2 SVolume 46 Number 68 j0 {! K& A0 P8 Q* i
July 2007 540-543, s+ G1 R: {! S# E+ M" Y
© 2007 Sage Publications1 `& f" F- a" J( G
10.1177/0009922806296651
* L2 X) [5 y7 a- _2 W6 w+ N; `- [http://clp.sagepub.com
3 E+ l& W7 _+ o% w" d5 h- D1 t0 Qhosted at, |2 G5 G3 c4 R$ o+ q
http://online.sagepub.com
" m/ z) A$ R" C5 A4 Z. CPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,( L$ D3 ~* l& k' J% Y' D( ~2 Z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central1 @+ W1 I% r5 ]) k8 Y- i: i; q9 E+ k
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
( j; j  Y  z. p' O0 S8 K! nthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; p9 m2 U& A" }' {$ v* `3 n1 Xa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
& ]3 M* O/ ?# v# N0 klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
# a9 B/ t" u9 M* z! t& m( Y0 S6 gby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 Q- f' x3 o9 Q2 Qhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! d# R; e% C, E5 {cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# d# i% q6 {$ @/ Oreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; z( m% J' P; l8 ^# a7 \
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-+ `4 Y0 Z- [2 n2 j# x
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due( B2 c: O* p' F0 E
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
0 V, @& a! i: e4 v, E: b# E! ^the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ P+ Q+ q, P: Y8 `  [* f, Cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
  A+ j- c! P: \& g/ d" V0 tchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of! n" `- D9 ]! I1 Y1 d. B
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-2 ~6 z  m6 C5 t# a: M. t, T9 V; Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the% [, ?; E/ U4 i
literature.4; s  Z2 r& A. d2 f
Patient Report' y& d3 ]4 y4 H- p; v: ]. _3 J: ~
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 }- E4 {1 U/ t$ X( {
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
9 ~- r0 X+ x/ w; Q" E9 \: rof early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 @8 o" V$ @: e$ Ylight colored pubic hair development when he was" D' u9 }. S- [
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of6 `& _4 b! b) ?
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. p" p+ [- r: g& w- H" ~1 KAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,5 B, |2 ~( M2 g, M, D" m
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& B& w) v/ k2 e
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 U  B9 M! ?, _/ Z* _8 S) }e-mail: [email protected].  L" @3 F" \! L
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 C2 @/ M5 t1 a# q2 ~' Ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& ?3 m4 t8 O0 z6 d7 X! {0 }9 j/ R
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
2 f/ E+ b, ?8 t/ m  p* mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with7 |- J5 w8 M9 d4 I; k7 r! x
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
; z) s2 s5 o$ l20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year! }. p9 a9 J, X+ i. c
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& C5 x7 ?+ q2 B1 {solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,) p7 K3 k& S- _6 l3 G5 y
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development! u! ^7 \, y# r$ [  i4 O+ e1 h
was age appropriate.* i3 q: x# \, m/ B8 e
The family history was remarkable for the father,6 s( {; v. g* D5 m. J9 [4 H/ U: R8 l) m# O
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 {6 C" F+ E2 i- Awhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s2 Y2 U6 l. ]$ A. `
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
5 B4 b" M1 m8 |9 Cearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, s7 }5 ~, X% m+ J; p! d& w3 R" h+ eThe father denied taking any other medication. The
8 F$ m  y  C( W' z) ^! y# ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. d# M4 P% B$ }3 F1 M
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 P, L( |/ J* y/ \) ]9 y" L
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ ^3 K4 e* \: G9 F; M: s4 ]: E8 Pcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, O$ @9 F2 C, [$ {5 P1 Itives. There were no siblings.# S- }. e, i" h0 G3 X; k2 w' p
Physical Examination
+ v- m5 K' Q- h4 a6 v7 ^& |$ HThe physical examination revealed a very active,
: P+ o, u$ ?9 S8 }playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
5 |( d+ I! ?# H1 sa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
5 |% Q8 ?# z0 p! ?90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg) E7 T- ?# I" }7 N- D$ i
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 `: |+ E) C0 K  T4 n! \6 Ovelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
+ R/ i+ B/ C8 T  f6 f' lthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.2 P- R$ o$ e9 N& F, X' j5 M4 i
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
7 D' g1 o, ]% d/ C& n$ D! penlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
6 X, Q6 i# R/ T; L8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
% E, ^, r9 d! @* @7 q# l: p& |developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around8 ^' M+ Q  z) G8 `& z
540
5 O* c& P- t* zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# ~8 u5 p, s2 }* E( F) w
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
3 @9 w* q, r0 m3 M" s: z7 y* Otesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.2 G) J2 s! y, C4 A  q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat! P% `. A4 @5 f3 U2 H
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! C0 U0 m9 x. R9 d5 ^- T
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 M4 P9 A/ h' F( W4 |! e& Y
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+9 R& H7 ~# p' @" q# O' b
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
0 @$ Y! |' ]3 Rof papilledema., S9 n3 |6 V5 X7 V/ C" `
Laboratory Evaluation$ \$ l: y$ Z6 v( u
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
# ~4 ~* n9 }  t0 M( f; y- Tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-: l" n4 v/ W, a% L$ f' U! o( l
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ i; E! q: S0 R( A( n3 q/ Y4 r0 ykaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% D  G' B% V3 L9 E8 \/ u. Qshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 f" c" [: y* C' L0 M6 x& R5 e/ ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
; a. f: Y4 F$ ~: @* p' L( G+ k% U- qThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. K. Y' c, x7 s' W( J. {9 M+ _. Uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 g1 `3 A  e5 u) V* F
within normal range for his age. The concentration
7 E& o- b& k. C/ uof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL, x# i, P3 I8 q9 I$ S
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20  g% F- i  W! S5 c4 g2 u. q1 a
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-: _' Q" _0 a/ J/ d: R* O
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),% n! L: m# r1 ~, t) V+ P
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
+ P+ N9 z: U, y49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* P  v1 p8 r# Q: Gwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# |( L$ O1 I) B& [3 c1 E" y5 ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
5 s$ b3 o* |, a1 _6 g1 m+ qtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
( ?. U& D! _% j) o" eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
$ a( B$ U5 {8 O" Q5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular% Q8 {5 r; \/ }+ [9 Y, t+ V
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 ^' m* N2 S: Q1 H; j. Nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL+ A2 Q2 D. |' g3 m+ J, t8 K( l* o
(prepubertal).
" |% K+ c  X- Y# N9 ~  q9 ^  XThe parents were notified about the laboratory
. e1 n/ P7 Y% A: Z! N4 U* d% ?! y4 dresults and were informed that all of the tests were
, e+ v0 ]! g7 v' e$ E- ~normal except the testosterone level was high. The
4 N' I" `! v* h: _follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
9 U/ }) h+ E  e9 \obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-. T6 h/ l7 B, e$ M2 U! L+ m% p: T
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.2 R* n3 j5 C9 [( p
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
" X) n" T" m9 {  x1 E, }( achild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
' a* B( i1 q' Z, _1 P7 s5 C2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
6 |( n6 N9 K0 ~: `3 q: P, `unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 v" F8 T1 c; J8 {1 N, r/ ~pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' M% b3 q5 O4 K2 q1 C# tthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2" f4 ?- Y' P5 z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 k( i" S1 O! T) b: a$ b, Y+ \The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- C. ?2 R5 [/ i; Q9 g7 P
ing frequent erections.
0 }5 J2 J9 n" L3 V- S8 y6 dBoth parents were again questioned about use of
$ U* F) D4 S- a3 S9 v& B9 B3 ~any ointment/creams that they may have applied to& O" o9 ?- P$ A. l) [( N+ H: }
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the5 q2 Z/ H8 h# _) G1 f# b
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
8 Q+ l4 \: G- @% h6 G. {3 e8 Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-) {0 Z: F1 p( p( n
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for7 D8 q2 [$ _* `( {7 R. D) z6 M9 E
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 d# Y0 v" \# W
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
% [8 f$ N' o, V* s: V2 `: ]scribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 U) j1 ]- a- |
secondary to depression.) n2 m6 p% J/ {/ [2 _9 x) l
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
4 ^  a, n+ R( }: k$ b3 Z/ LThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
  m& a2 z( Z+ Q% W; q2 y! ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-& j7 v  D9 d5 e) y" M6 p; R
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
" \" M& L+ x" a1 FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,+ y: Y  i4 Y0 j3 t
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 g% E7 ^1 r8 d) F/ U/ Twas high, he then read the product information1 R7 ?- j! @+ _$ K: [' R
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 z6 ]/ @/ [+ L0 c; z6 k
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. m' {, j& ^0 q; k0 e: N
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( ^% D9 ], e6 o
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
. x$ Z9 z3 U& P8 Hbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone) F, V4 k$ k5 ]( s: X' P% h+ P
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the3 Q% `5 Q# j- p* e4 X5 j
laboratory to obtain the test.
. T( s2 c0 t- t  M8 A9 I# ODiscussion
) t6 [7 l* b- g0 KPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary( c4 o1 V* S, }
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4/ t5 l* l% |% }5 c
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
4 x/ Q  O! t) n% X5 tit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, ^4 w% @/ m2 J' c+ b+ N( q5 C1 `
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. ^! b" S) R4 }" x" A8 [  J
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP/ s& m6 I. H0 m3 C6 w
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
+ \' {/ z: u( D) t, W0 C# ~responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-& W. ]5 f+ R% m9 a
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
% u8 j% S8 `8 G$ f+ _; ]sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in; K7 `7 b1 p: y3 k, o1 l& i( f! K7 c
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 v( ^; z% t4 T3 Z( p  W# t
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
; R- Z4 K0 A/ \  ~3 \rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* C+ W0 G7 Q+ D0 @# Qgonadotropins.1,37 m( N; A+ t0 C' K- e, T
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" `3 D2 D3 T  Q( f+ X. o
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& s1 N4 g. F0 h
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or' V1 ~# }/ Z# ]: f4 r' b
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
/ y$ Z* F+ u4 a' Pulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
4 f9 ^  b. K& x: G+ [congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive1 M- D+ b& e: u5 A( z- n$ w
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 l6 R+ U' |) b+ }  {( ?puberty in boys.3,47 Z# ?: h2 q4 z' ~
The most common form of congenital adrenal* Y7 D# ~0 \/ F" |* C
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ p9 |, t: L" m) O
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 Y% N7 {8 z$ a' Q* P7 E
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. a3 k( {6 F8 c! J. a7 }- k5 e+ n
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
  w% m( G% a5 W1 D. W' Kexcess.1,38 l  `5 B5 @) y9 f) t( L& y+ h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 m1 @1 ?3 E% M! [; L9 s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
4 x) }1 p: Q5 S! @A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
% O$ G/ Q  p" E1 oindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 V  ~6 s9 Z  w$ W' _as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a+ ~+ u5 V( C& p5 S
very young age. The physical findings in these boys/ l8 s2 U' W6 z0 l  v
with this disorder are full pubertal development," V) c: P  C( R" O
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys8 @* _% G# G- F" ~; i" V
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: E, U' i( b$ V0 F- a8 s
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
. \: X' L8 H# C3 M# q6 Bpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" K8 U0 S+ B& N' g0 k
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. V, I7 M) c8 w1 {4 O' X% qautosomal dominant disorder that affects only% i( I3 q; P3 |8 ?. K: H" p
males; therefore, other male members of the family
% y( X" \! s. ~* S" m- b2 {& ]1 omay have similar precocious puberty.3
; a; D* s- i' cIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 l; Y. {, Z( d% _' M9 \sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( A' r8 c( F2 `" f$ X3 A
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. ?: k+ x% v& K$ Y) o/ c7 e2 |was in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 {$ v. Z5 Q- ~0 dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
  V1 @+ h* [) b2 N1 y& r! l8 M3 |testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
. \/ N$ a9 z9 c7 dbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-: Y% X5 ~% j( v2 y7 F
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" w! a1 }( J4 B4 K7 r  Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
9 ~% g' Z- y4 s! j3 a" \either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, b9 k, F; E: s& ^4 zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, K2 G, Q' _* J0 L4 q" O
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
( T7 `$ I9 t" d! [The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
+ ]# e0 K% S2 B, \1 P. zsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& v2 k3 [9 m: x6 dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-. l8 U$ P% [5 }) i; Z! G7 C5 ~
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' c) r  y, d4 f3 g" p2 t
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-/ ?9 ]9 s$ `* K  @" T4 I
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 W' a( Z( v' dusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( q, b/ ~' j" N3 I
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ N# Q4 S& I0 p) e( \4 \
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
1 O6 y2 S7 v1 k- E* F+ Aunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
. L! n1 ]( P. s/ GSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the, Z) H* i% O% f& x! ?+ t
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
* w  b5 Z9 t- v1 U+ _even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 W8 r2 B; y* B( k- w+ Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, `3 R) x+ }- \& @) A9 U$ V$ Rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* u- L1 Y$ q+ K1 o7 s  D8 h' a% L
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
7 S8 Z( [) `/ M5 C1 Qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
3 k* @: R4 j) D: e& [# E- {( idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- u; |0 O* L4 o$ Uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) Z5 m% ~1 v! `0 h" W1 O, ]
active in young children exposed to testosterone% q6 x, ]* _* m" S
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-6 p7 A& c7 @! t( z
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ g7 {- C8 F  l4 S) \
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 {. q' T+ c* S" q. _5 P9 ?
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 v4 q# @+ d. y; t) Zadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
, U9 ?5 M6 e0 rThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! g! q/ v# [% [6 {2 Q4 l4 E5 Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final
6 x. Z* _5 b# D/ b0 ]/ C% Nadult height are not fully known and always remain7 f* f& ?' V) W0 ]1 b7 i; _
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. K6 y) ~* S7 T0 N4 n
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some/ m- W+ R3 z; k
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after: w3 t% K/ s# r0 X6 f) N
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation* _! u$ B6 P/ O7 b9 ^% s: O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 b' l0 K* |* c; z9 S7 E; V: `
There are conflicting reports and controversy' Q2 i* t( A4 I% V& I/ ^5 W5 f
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult  V% ?. N/ ~! [1 z3 `4 H+ |. _7 l
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
) m! l, y' V3 A! Z, ?1 qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 a: V* ]3 q- n: k% ]2 ]8 [: Dulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,4 i! x# O  C- ~5 r3 i
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 {  k3 @) y. c7 ]
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 g: v! A9 B. x& H' @penile length in clinical studies.
$ X1 j( O0 A& t: D9 p+ s# w5 jNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 B: M9 p. A; G& X! Z
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
: y- d, m/ y# H& O# A7 N/ htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because( y0 u" g  b, T# y. c6 R
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 A. `! X; c" P- l1 @Although the bone age was advanced at the time of7 ]) G9 _1 j9 p: E7 `3 R, J, q
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 z" ^# ~, ?" A% N# gthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! P6 A) z: z' z9 v/ d! cheight will not be affected.
. [! x, P" M# e: r. CAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 g, a" b. Q9 R
ability of androgen products in our society may% H# p4 y9 Q) s& o, O3 A% y4 v  O
indeed cause more virilization in male or female" ]  w! u3 G: j( \
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 E  u8 Z! T: }! R; Agen products must be considered and specific ques-( |8 E8 K0 Y/ {( C- ?$ J
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or, X! q2 k& d* X1 I, I  @
gel should be asked of the family members during6 ~2 C2 A5 \5 v: P: N
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 s" l$ z) r7 n' Y$ a$ ^) l+ U
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ ]2 C# E, X; k3 t" p/ l
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 d, H7 {. S4 y1 P+ h$ Y! Y# k" Jappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a1 J% B- y3 z9 w- {
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" H. p- V0 P: ]( ?3 r8 n1 G* j' V3 a( Aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" X- n. i# v% L6 j) O
investigation. The primary care physician should be
' `  h- z" X: t/ ?aware of this fact, because most of these children
9 w* n8 S! Y' `9 H' dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’& b- e: f# Y. Z9 X! U
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
! e2 {0 O7 z, J; J& D: pwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or% Y$ f" P. [* ^8 O& u
female child who might come in contact with some-) p( A- c( e* h1 P' H) K9 y& U4 h
one using any of these products.
% v7 X4 \1 f/ [References
$ m) [, }, o/ w) I5 {0 n1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 W# J0 [/ O2 H- J8 X/ F- V: Y! yand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric; F" e+ G5 J+ @) Q) B
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
# `. O* n9 i5 R1 X4 O2002: 565-628.
0 B. y% G3 b4 N5 u! t2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 z/ W: K. ?4 C/ b" W& ?2 F3 H; [
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

9 F: B5 `3 ^; r% Z( Q) W精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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