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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 U* y7 G: p5 | _9 K
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
1 v- `/ d" b: i" X7 {* E* l uExposure to Testosterone
/ W' c6 t* d8 E6 @4 i) `/ s" rSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 \' O4 i, W3 \
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1. K, f$ M. q6 V! @
Clinical Pediatrics0 p4 a c) p! M+ w/ @7 t
Volume 46 Number 6
6 O# p$ X- o. PJuly 2007 540-543% g* J% y* H* ~1 h, n6 Z, T$ w
© 2007 Sage Publications! ~6 x0 l% T) i: k
10.1177/0009922806296651 B! f/ m4 P0 k# X% X% }3 F
http://clp.sagepub.com. L2 s7 M, D. u4 O! t
hosted at
% ^( \ x/ y# @7 y4 ihttp://online.sagepub.com
# ^" g: |1 v: u- T$ R. F7 e8 P- v% oPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
( |+ Y! [6 R3 |. T" Eis a significant concern for physicians. Central, b+ V2 X7 M1 @9 f5 y
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! O/ _$ W3 p8 i: fthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% \! v; Q0 P6 e! A7 \9 |% Ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. T w0 ~6 e4 O3 h3 H/ h/ y, S5 Glesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
5 [' f0 M. M5 I1 N0 sby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 N6 u! T/ o7 V# m, O
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
0 |( @; @/ ?. C+ e0 Z2 j: rcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: n+ N* {) N! v) g2 b2 I7 Y, W. @report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
h! [" W2 u P6 g7 N: @enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 W5 n6 S- D. ?, V0 S5 [+ S5 rment without testicular enlargement, which was due
( X& K. K p, y& \2 n1 Sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by U* s3 X ^' |3 x3 e) w; C
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 u2 N: b# a$ smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this5 W# R! c& L, q0 @( `5 i) S
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
- P$ Z4 w# |. m1 q1 etestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 v5 n% K# ?% L& |. vbly more common than the rare case report in the! Q. m, _/ I9 k* x& s$ j |
literature.4
& H, p% L( t) }( h3 KPatient Report1 J+ \6 V9 s" H+ b
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
* N$ ^+ k: _- u Q& O0 J; Y& |% }endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern l) j! P9 E4 Q
of early sexual development. His mother noticed3 ?* }5 _1 R2 T1 ~5 D( l2 z, B# X6 D
light colored pubic hair development when he was( Z& S8 w/ c* b! u
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of& h9 k0 e5 G/ @ I" O8 Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( d w# O: T: k) N; }( g* y
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
1 o' H- O! Q) e1 V5 hProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
" E/ [1 l2 Q% o: z8 i0 ]Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;0 {$ B6 w0 G* P+ f( c, `* G) I( ?0 ?
e-mail: [email protected].
+ y9 {! s5 x1 T( Wabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
) @- B( }9 k$ o0 V1 `darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
7 d" G6 F+ i% c: kment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
9 V. \: T, k- p8 m% Owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ M6 T$ W5 W7 U8 }0 A0 A/ c/ x/ Ra birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of$ k8 y% n; I8 z* H, a
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
8 I; g J7 t8 t! U( E* {' E3 Iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
; ^ l- G' `2 W o( Vsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 ]& ]& G- L9 b
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development+ e, E1 j5 Q0 I$ f) @7 `4 h
was age appropriate.6 K) c6 v2 q5 ]$ E
The family history was remarkable for the father,
! p& Q$ M" Q0 J" W( Qwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; L* }0 N, f. q4 B/ x1 S! ywhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: X, M5 l. G, n
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat/ o3 v, l6 b* u) X/ N
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.7 {9 J% [: A9 h- v( m$ O( i
The father denied taking any other medication. The5 y9 N6 q |/ C, V* F" {# S, A
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- o/ R* p6 s. t6 [; [was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
9 u1 w3 J* V* V8 ?$ r0 i5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-- Z: Q) ~+ y h8 z9 u
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 y7 f) b4 U, e5 F8 @tives. There were no siblings.
5 e$ R( F0 R: } ]$ H6 e& v! q1 sPhysical Examination
# N* i3 D+ ^7 P* I; j; T! GThe physical examination revealed a very active,
7 U i' f) B( N3 uplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented% O1 C9 |2 S6 G
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% a m+ |9 b3 V$ ?! s90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg1 [+ h7 H4 m0 Q# y
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
$ S, l7 ]- r2 s( x1 X, Nvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of! ^/ c1 k/ W! N( S8 [: g
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
\# J* G- e$ s; b0 k: Z: GThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for* e, }6 h; ^2 l& p! k7 i+ n
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of( K/ q- p- m% C U% t
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
3 s$ G8 H# Y( f1 V4 w: A4 _developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 m0 R7 D) B! U# q+ z* D540
! ~# @2 ^3 z: f- w) s' b* W- Zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 p6 t7 P9 I. b' C" B
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% ~+ j' T1 [) f. J# P1 V, l
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
. X: ~5 D t/ IThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
; C% x2 s8 y1 e! Doily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 ?/ D2 `$ T" n7 D) \+ e
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 c3 @! D5 Y8 H( ~
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 B, V' X$ [6 z u) }8 d8 n% _
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
3 Z' _6 X G: b6 j7 R: pof papilledema.9 ?$ W6 B3 T, G" @% L' v& G* h6 U
Laboratory Evaluation
* v f* S. W* l0 b) L% E! ]4 cThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, y& U' c: r1 Q6 Lusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-& Q& M/ R; C- M9 m" b5 ]+ X4 ~' ]: ^
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, {+ |' ]3 r* K; Akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
; ], y8 Y+ |- b" Jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-0 [# J7 V/ l/ @: H: I6 H
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ d6 E |4 t9 r; D. y' w8 \3 c- TThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' D9 e2 i* N) |urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
- @# D. t5 d6 H9 twithin normal range for his age. The concentration
- n$ |* u6 [ | R$ _of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
a4 f U; s; b4 F( m( B! A( g2 S(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% i- i. U( H1 i( sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 i3 s) Y; z/ ?+ ~8 ~- J8 }3 F2 }0 b
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
5 X# M0 n# s- P( \1 \desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" B& Z# y" u5 D5 t! I
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
, X1 y4 l6 I& mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# J& X+ ]7 Q; [0 i6 c5 N" b0 O
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* a+ Q) v9 r6 `6 ttestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 x; {& s/ E. `0 R ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- P& R/ A& g9 S& T; L5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& Z1 |# E% M" |+ l
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
0 `; ?+ D1 Y8 w& e8 x- N! h2 Zconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
# l% h' i6 v3 @ `; f(prepubertal).' z8 C, U l1 n
The parents were notified about the laboratory, r8 a/ K- W4 T3 L
results and were informed that all of the tests were
6 n" k+ O" ]' `0 i; o# I6 cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ U [8 z9 r3 ofollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& c" e0 b6 G* S) X' }( Pobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 A- T7 q$ C+ f; Jever, the family did not return for 4 months., b Y/ {! Z) o, U
Physical examination at this time revealed that the% [9 y2 i k9 J+ ?6 W! e) D4 Q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
`8 S' Y# Y& J/ n, i+ |2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- u, G! N2 m6 Y* t2 n3 Vunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-" W" l$ b/ O1 c8 u7 I
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at2 z/ S9 B4 g2 n+ `: }( }
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2% P- D; w7 {, u
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
: R4 y# f0 E& x$ v! gThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
7 D% i$ w( S" B, J) H1 @ing frequent erections.
9 b/ l7 k% S/ j5 \) mBoth parents were again questioned about use of* H% m; p8 \! D1 R) j, p! O. Q
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 x% G# I6 H9 vthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
: r" \/ Z( ~0 r9 ?0 \. yTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 }0 }1 l! y, t# v2 luse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-/ ]* c5 i2 X _4 O& v
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
G, W6 x( h6 E; T% xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& O. u7 o) Q6 r* Eto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 q2 M# W/ H. @( tscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
/ A( p1 M/ v- c- u4 {secondary to depression.- V( ~& c" j" C( _
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# O# A4 i" H3 r( Y3 T% D& S- {
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his5 @9 d8 S6 q3 R3 I t
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; N( S3 w) R8 q& nnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
& G* e# j$ O" G* Y9 s% L5 k- DThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
8 r. N a$ T/ s& R ~when he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ `' X7 I% y; ]
was high, he then read the product information
" ~* R& {% [' X6 S' S5 Y, b* }packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
3 @- S$ k+ g# f! I) I1 o# rson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they$ {$ A4 L) _2 Z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
, \! y: G9 p5 e. x9 S1 Afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had$ b. c# d! ^! s2 h" S: u& Z
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% n8 E. R- V% k2 B h7 L8 Ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the% f6 x9 Z* g P2 v' Y) E3 s1 N/ T
laboratory to obtain the test.6 B" `9 h1 f2 q( [# ?& r5 |2 K
Discussion
9 d' x: C( d" x# FPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
$ x# e/ k4 L% x6 S9 C/ }" ?sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& ^; Y4 M- N: K$ D5 KPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 k4 N( ?& }/ @5 Q% \& G
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
- i7 T/ }, _! @, l0 [ u1 k# Q+ \thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-& K4 D1 s$ N. |& O$ z. k8 I# r
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 e5 P" M' T' D( g3 E/ _may have a central nervous system lesion that is
- S" q" @9 t: Y. a/ lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
& R+ d7 A& |/ r$ f. Vamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
8 W/ ~ P! k5 z& m% wsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, @! i$ n* S* G9 d, H8 l) L$ g
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-1 q7 u3 h/ D& h1 R. W9 N
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-; e/ K# I2 F2 d% i' s( S
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by0 N+ V) n. @. p/ x7 K
gonadotropins.1,3- a2 O! M2 `1 V
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
. d, m: {: g- ^, a; lcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 m- i- x# q7 U/ X, f8 I' Mandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
0 T( D& X7 F1 H. H, ~7 ^# G0 iexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( S6 b2 j- l% }3 T0 }ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# P) U1 Z: j! J% B% L9 ~
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# ]2 L) [3 v6 A' \, |- h$ Eadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious+ e3 l8 A" N1 ]
puberty in boys.3,4
4 d+ y; Q( r* K! X& P XThe most common form of congenital adrenal
3 x/ j3 Q) L, y% {4 {. D; R0 K6 i: hhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- m0 Q2 i! J- u2 v! [7 CThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* ^6 }7 x- T/ y& M8 F- vexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,- U7 [' G. A/ n! s1 n
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 g8 \$ P4 I% u/ u/ i4 Aexcess.1,34 h7 m" K) |3 i3 @' i
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
f, a, t0 |# U7 v- a8 b; T542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
Z% g' H( |1 rA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
R+ B. t% ]% ~9 A* aindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 X7 d4 N+ C$ vas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 ]/ z( D3 |( j; x8 m
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
; Q' N5 v, O( {% @0 Swith this disorder are full pubertal development,
+ n: b! F' L- B3 D0 yincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys9 s1 s: ~- s& y' q: m/ d
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! ~3 F7 L+ P" m; e2 H9 G
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
: w4 M' y1 }: D6 Mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
1 I4 j: f- A1 f: [/ \& y$ K; ]releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked' }9 M$ e3 O) k& m
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only+ K2 |2 b% o. |1 U$ g
males; therefore, other male members of the family2 @" n5 l8 l4 V
may have similar precocious puberty.3 R, \: A( I4 e8 u! [5 N7 b
In our patient, physical examination was incon-, v( p1 W: G: h. @/ T3 N8 Q, z
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-+ J% c9 U+ _1 E# U9 _1 R; _
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis7 S9 W8 ]1 q8 s' m
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
! `1 N: M; B. i% H" s" G+ W. F/ xstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 i4 O4 ?& n9 O4 B) C4 G. b
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the6 [: w: T* a) q
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-) \( f7 Q. O3 ]. ?! W
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our" M0 l8 d% Z5 N- g ]2 @
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,& r% y: i, F! O$ ?/ D
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase& \% H1 U# d2 M7 V
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ R6 w1 B( Q/ J
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 m2 ?! r' r1 s2 g
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly( x. t( P( L9 z8 I/ H
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
4 W* W! r, R. g: Pthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-$ e# d6 F& [# W+ ^9 n% ~/ Y4 Q
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! u& |4 z7 C2 s7 W, C/ Y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
* |* u6 v9 h; u% A& O5 Qterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
, T1 H* j+ Z; s. o! Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’ |) L2 _( c! u1 X% p
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ Z1 Q; j. O- h- I
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
9 n S$ [5 x( i {2 p9 f+ X% xunprotected females through direct skin exposure., b2 y" j, K" x) ?
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 k: H$ |# ], L! |baseline value in those females who were exposed to
) J% L; ~8 v2 Neven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male6 N) q* t/ z2 f) z
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-% [: n9 B+ f1 s$ M. {. Y, t% y
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.6 e! j8 V& G& e- o$ R e& ~
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
- Z& K- Y' o. g/ j' `" o2 \! p+ }which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
( `! R H; l7 W# D4 p. B+ h: Xdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-1 J- {. M8 m+ j p) |
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
% h5 ], s- T7 _9 nactive in young children exposed to testosterone
3 h. k" t" \8 ^" k7 Xexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy- Z s0 Q% L2 T6 [* z3 y, v$ C
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to6 t" ]6 p1 {! A! g( G
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( x1 k, r `7 {children results in an increase in growth velocity and' ~ Q) K3 b, u3 s1 f# q$ j: T
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; D6 p" K4 f; j! i
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
& V" o7 h5 A% C2 G1 {, _1 Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final6 u% L; t) ?6 E& f) P8 P- _
adult height are not fully known and always remain
O8 d. S5 }1 T! t3 L+ ua concern. Children treated with short-term testos-$ ]) c9 K+ _. o0 Z& t) J3 y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some {$ j8 y, [( }: D4 q. p
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after( p' ]5 N, s* b% E8 q2 i
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation& p) A3 y) x- L0 T0 {
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,99 A3 t& W; _* i0 R3 j3 N8 q
There are conflicting reports and controversy3 V, {: X+ r$ v- A# T
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult o% { j( y1 M$ i. E. ]7 E5 s& s1 l
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, F* B g" B) q
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
$ |1 N: ~4 j A2 b# o6 |ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ S5 R( a: }$ {2 H4 H5 d# B* p' Z
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
6 H# D" D* P2 N1 A- R8 W+ I zchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
|8 G9 @* g0 _# u1 n8 u cpenile length in clinical studies.
( G" u) d. ]( c$ X1 kNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is0 x1 w% h0 z0 N3 f
going to experience any of the untoward effects from l6 w3 s! [) L
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ @% m" ^* u9 `) g* U0 i
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
* ~! X0 V. v& h/ o0 e- J: }Although the bone age was advanced at the time of% ]4 ?$ e0 F2 o; F
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& |* g3 m. K8 R2 v/ ~
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
+ k. d- T0 b A3 v3 d) [height will not be affected.
7 q3 g# N* j7 r* C9 EAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ }: y1 E) S& A4 m7 Uability of androgen products in our society may( Q6 ]4 i" V2 _* w/ p3 \
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
) g; f. |3 s+ S" J2 Ychildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-4 K, Y% N5 N2 ]$ ?
gen products must be considered and specific ques-, X, `7 C, G+ ^4 S! w: N# {; [- c
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
, s! d, e0 ^4 P, Hgel should be asked of the family members during
4 Y5 B* ^4 c- b/ }9 `: {& o3 b7 jthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 {# x- R) `* t7 silization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
( o* z8 J, c# R2 x* ~ B2 `nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- ]. f2 V- h* Y0 r( h# yappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
( v) A' i. x% B- _& ~- D. Zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may7 k3 s- `( v+ m# o/ x
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 w/ ?, S6 K9 Q
investigation. The primary care physician should be
' ?* Z# W7 K" Caware of this fact, because most of these children. ]) ]8 v# D3 P
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
. U1 d, @! n( N# _Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
% A2 @& \. N5 k& z7 w- B& ^warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 Y- J0 i5 ?2 j, z3 K3 dfemale child who might come in contact with some-) e: q# b1 p# V* X1 u! k
one using any of these products.
, q' A/ J2 m: l, `8 ~4 F- fReferences
; J/ _# @/ C, e7 _) M1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation- h7 T, i5 S" r$ H8 ^$ \
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
5 D3 h6 ^9 v% t; @8 ~5 iEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* m5 |7 w" V4 e( w" R; @2002: 565-628.9 I0 Z: S: r- f4 M6 ]3 y
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 ^: E( s) @2 }) p0 {) hpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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