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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 J5 C. z5 m: R1 i; Q# m
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical# J9 q: p1 h5 S# N! @' x. |* |
Exposure to Testosterone
. s8 c; H8 i+ u9 X7 h1 v. \Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
7 V" ^/ @& U: P' ]: j8 V- zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 a3 n$ k8 b0 [8 l- N7 EClinical Pediatrics5 k, Y) I P/ o. p; |/ ]& a
Volume 46 Number 6! J/ c( _9 r" P
July 2007 540-543
+ ]7 K/ [$ x" S: P; H6 H© 2007 Sage Publications
' s2 W. l2 z# I+ q6 p+ z- ^10.1177/0009922806296651
( [' }) ?" W6 |5 n6 c$ a% ahttp://clp.sagepub.com
7 @2 x0 n- o+ `1 |/ I. @: Fhosted at
# y; [ ? R, e! l: W$ t7 r. zhttp://online.sagepub.com" q% \& h. }5 x
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 Z$ ]8 t8 ~' Q$ N0 ^3 b1 gis a significant concern for physicians. Central
7 \' H( L& x L; J! Kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ f4 r- N B( n# {- i' cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 ^, |# @3 L& c$ W' V: F( [. Z; Q" }a higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 `' i9 p- W& c8 S3 s
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested' [9 g: t1 h. M
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
, o/ i+ Q: S! P3 Ihair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
# [& j N2 o" ]9 ?# Xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We* H y3 q- t6 P, h! E: f
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
2 O j" u# ~& l Renlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-5 d3 T, T+ X6 v" ^# H
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due7 u" t9 ^$ @2 q' O7 N
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ F7 ~& x- P7 D* V
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-$ R5 t" |4 D" q9 k, _) @: r+ l0 K
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this; d0 o7 _% |5 p7 s! [- _
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of+ Q5 f1 P X$ b# l9 r! N
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-! b8 U9 V2 U; r( Q$ J
bly more common than the rare case report in the9 Q5 v# z: o- L: d4 y! l5 E* n+ V
literature.4; H3 x% M, Q% O: N% z7 t
Patient Report
) a* [& J; J2 w: N WA 16-month-old white child was referred to the |- d; H5 |! T* I) Q. N
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& A! [% [+ N* x: X# O
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
7 `) k& x% f' Slight colored pubic hair development when he was8 x+ s( f0 Q/ `9 ?7 t; J9 k. l
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of/ D; U! T5 ~' t9 a( Q& l/ ]2 |, k
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 T8 `6 i7 o+ X/ Y7 F" p, wAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
/ U! u5 B8 i) ?' }6 n# j# r! Y8 @Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
6 ]6 p) J/ i) KMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;4 c2 G9 F4 {' Y7 h5 f( e5 X: z
e-mail: [email protected].
/ l) ]% \( u+ d: h) Tabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
c! s1 f1 V3 j6 F$ Q0 P3 Ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ t, ]$ [1 b) x4 T+ t+ s! |
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child" Q4 V. g$ d- j2 S# Y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
$ i8 K$ M+ u* _$ T( U# |' Wa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of5 z8 S5 F2 ~" k& x
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
0 b" v) I1 u! u. i, X& C5 zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
% V) u" q. w' D2 V; @( osolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 ~! z: d" C* _+ U
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development- T# e) ]8 u5 }) L# {0 B
was age appropriate.6 S) o9 O% U7 |) a o
The family history was remarkable for the father,
+ y# m+ d* v6 n- zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
' o0 H5 ?, H" l/ swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- I5 l2 `, S( T# i* U) Z, H* p% Rheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat3 i+ ?: f. \& K$ p
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 b" v5 a% x+ G. H A' b1 S/ K1 @
The father denied taking any other medication. The. t: E! U7 |1 ]# Z `, f
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche- s# {) K- |2 Q7 ^
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 P! t' e. Y) A Q5 T7 O! E
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
7 R- x& ~3 m! Ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-/ O" a* s7 }* ~. P# t' Z2 }% }
tives. There were no siblings.
# [8 L0 h" a2 W4 A2 S0 ?# QPhysical Examination
W( E# S h% r7 K4 }7 gThe physical examination revealed a very active,
" Q. I, u6 J: x0 ^1 X; s5 Y" qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
9 L1 I8 ]4 @$ f2 D o! ]* ma blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was* W, |7 a. p' f7 m
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' G+ {9 l# P) m3 \& ~- J(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth- a+ i4 Z% s; f3 |6 K$ R; L
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of9 @6 D9 A1 \: c9 B! ^3 Q4 S
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% T8 _% o+ _1 o0 C0 W$ }) f7 x* V1 bThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
' n1 V3 _. ]9 f {: t) _enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of( E- S G* _# z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 a: V3 J; J( H, v4 j5 S
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
4 {' k" T% y$ p6 {540
$ v0 `8 ]6 |8 O6 Xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( O/ p9 h5 A# y; D. x
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 c$ h4 t+ l8 A' s) R# rtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
# ^# w% U) \9 d! `/ qThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
+ J# \. K3 y; o8 O/ doily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no9 }: ^% u4 ]0 e% c
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- D7 T8 B5 a9 o @' ^Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+- N \: }0 R. d3 W# G) j) B
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* J1 `$ p9 K: Q$ q5 O6 Fof papilledema.
( Z: h! Y3 G3 L, RLaboratory Evaluation
) x( I( o8 E OThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by# F8 A5 y7 T: D2 X
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
- [ |" F% s# W% ^, C3 Z3 ~logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ \. x2 J2 `8 M1 E5 ikaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 { \* }" p* {1 {& ^! oshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
* F7 c+ @8 I/ H( {' y2 w Hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).: [/ t! z! W+ g3 ^+ ]
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
p Y( ~" o7 E u. g- }/ furea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
7 P" N2 O. M/ ^* g3 O0 Mwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
( k2 [7 V4 @( i; I# X9 Gof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 l: t c- I* B7 _# e(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 `2 S* v- {+ R% Zng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
# q z3 g) n8 l7 |: G0 e; u$ dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( C$ R1 X% @, Z- T% `' f& {desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 v, _4 Q8 u/ }$ F4 Y( ?
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 t! g F4 ~( k) [. l) h" Q0 G
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 u# z8 Q/ v9 K, }& E4 \
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
& {6 D: Q$ o, H* ?' r) [testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),' X% G9 d# |' E& Z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, [5 v1 \2 z) q j5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 u$ N+ V0 U. Q% E8 v& D
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* D. f: c# |/ d
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. d% Y# S- D- y: U: K, q(prepubertal).( r& B4 r6 ?. B `! ]% x! U) D
The parents were notified about the laboratory8 M l3 n+ H) y0 j( V
results and were informed that all of the tests were* R% m- [! P2 W( M5 u0 J+ l
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
" `2 X1 v3 E) L F# wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
2 c: e' h$ b ~) o' Hobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
. v6 y4 Q U( Z" Y! v1 ?5 d8 Bever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! G) t+ { ]* OPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
7 a& Z+ A: m7 p( K5 [5 @1 cchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
, h) q( W& ^3 f7 q4 O2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained* ~' t, U+ v0 V
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- P, E2 v# a) P' V
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ X9 e9 R+ V, ?4 u7 Othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
4 E1 N7 i- y$ D+ u9 i( D7 @mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
5 _* ], c9 D- O$ n6 q0 M+ NThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-) h2 j! n6 t4 e/ S- q; H- p$ _
ing frequent erections.6 T/ k6 B6 n1 ?
Both parents were again questioned about use of- S( r) n& f% W5 h8 C7 W7 f
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to1 w X1 ~ ?5 a3 C: ]
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 s. h& g5 a; `: P! K! B+ U2 ^Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5415 r- @9 _7 `1 |) A3 y8 R j+ U
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-! h2 x6 L2 k- w( ^+ b5 T7 F
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
8 S* K5 ]5 j1 @6 M3 P1 aa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( _6 ?, X2 O7 Vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 J* F: ~" U' A5 a l! s
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
& ` p* Q' H9 @3 N8 w0 Csecondary to depression.
[4 x; h: s* _& ?/ f! WThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
C4 I7 |* B1 d! ~8 W5 @" SThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
+ W; C& `1 F$ G2 fchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ j% V3 q6 c+ N7 ]; b# w, ]
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
& @+ @: K' B1 y0 LThe father also admitted that after the phone call,) n. n: i' _' q0 |- R y7 i; i( e
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby3 k1 h( M) t4 P
was high, he then read the product information' f8 I* M6 E5 `, L$ Q! K
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 A C" R' u+ c8 x5 _son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
" O; l- E* b d2 l e7 R* Wdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
) ]2 `2 D4 _) J- L9 M9 d4 _6 l8 Xfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had3 `, `+ I5 a) f% U; x
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone w6 h5 X0 D8 V. F. ^. {
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the- ?" j+ S) P, t. ~3 M
laboratory to obtain the test.. `. P2 c5 T4 n0 F
Discussion
7 Q" [9 A; I0 X5 o+ tPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) T+ n) s( Q: M" h1 a! i( csexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 V) Y" g& z( H+ O( V9 T, F9 G k4 EPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: Y7 _* D; q) u M
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
, y# D+ \: ]% y3 hthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-9 [1 D' j e$ |9 y% @& V
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP, K4 W! n5 l. ^
may have a central nervous system lesion that is0 D: k0 w7 q9 f, E; r
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 x# l0 e# h; n5 B e: c& Gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. j$ @. O- V8 [' Z+ u/ ssis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 ]* Z, p, w# b+ Nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-' {% U5 z$ r. @; l; c- d
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% w+ n: F D4 S- b* S1 nrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! b7 y; |6 Z, n; l1 s
gonadotropins.1,3
$ H$ D7 ?: K1 I Z2 ]Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 h5 u, q \! m; y7 i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" [3 f/ ?3 c3 Kandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or" v. C3 ]/ Z0 k( d6 }( J
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 n: z1 B' f0 ?5 Uulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing3 a( v( k. [7 s. m$ ]0 ^; T) v
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% b1 q4 \$ u* \- b% Z; dadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 \% _ j( K' Q
puberty in boys.3,4! R2 F3 S' O) {: l# f
The most common form of congenital adrenal! X* i1 ^; T- N, R' D
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
3 p& O. q; R" z# P% eThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# o2 I5 `0 t/ u; B V- ]7 X8 @ @, l
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 J# J7 d6 V% \" m ian adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
# R) V; C( n# P" c/ hexcess.1,3/ d, u* y4 Q# ^+ V# R3 y; m( }; h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 v N5 y2 F, D" g542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20078 w. _1 {# L, w
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-0 m4 x9 H3 |6 N$ r: z/ @/ G
independent precocious puberty, which is also known& I- u- {/ l' ]
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a% n; H6 M) G) a, p9 S: f
very young age. The physical findings in these boys5 {2 d& J, t- r' k$ _
with this disorder are full pubertal development,/ H4 Z7 }- }7 P$ C
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: w, L6 A; E6 Z+ q
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ y( r8 D+ y3 V* Q$ {are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* d+ b9 Y; Y/ ^: c. K3 F/ c# n
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& A, w. \' J6 B7 |$ i
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" u3 x+ g) ]5 c" P7 M
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only1 P: K* A! m5 \
males; therefore, other male members of the family9 k _ l8 U$ k' r$ E
may have similar precocious puberty.3 S& T% O2 {6 U" S/ v4 d
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 y( p$ g( y. Y( Y3 nsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ w3 M1 i2 A4 x0 F* O7 }4 k4 f
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
+ h% _, r. C- @2 v gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
% M( _5 [- Q" B7 ~started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,5 ?# W' X& _, @( y9 W
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the6 p, z* u! j D
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-0 a7 `3 K3 Q2 f
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our4 g( s4 D1 P! }/ E
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& O4 x5 d* X7 I5 s9 zeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
9 V' A5 f; c4 c3 U/ Z& P" hdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-9 v$ ~4 q6 D+ U7 \ k- p* v
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.; k$ Z s! d" L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly0 y# y% J) R; k: x: T* \: J5 i9 T
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" v7 \+ M4 H6 G8 m- g
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) ^" s4 _6 V* e( k) zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and/ | @* E5 _1 i1 m! J3 D- z
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-6 @5 t1 T+ G/ {+ k8 R
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was% n% h% W' L! v& J, V- o
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
3 q) g/ K% e- {" f2 z6 L5 WDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: m( c& c |. P/ z; T5 k T. ^cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
3 i; `3 l3 | \; m& v) vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# F0 \$ t5 u/ T0 ~! ySerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ o; d/ j `* A5 o
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
# G- X# s0 e [- g' Y! G% Zeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& l5 h) Z' @# S, u4 [partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 Y, p0 }7 \: x' C: Htion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 r* z- L/ p/ x4 Y2 a( A0 g% W+ FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,6 O' }+ y! d3 @0 x
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. X8 \2 p% n! J. x4 E. m
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 H7 h/ F$ j) x1 e2 k7 U
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
; }/ j4 i0 X% o8 n7 A8 j$ Cactive in young children exposed to testosterone! \( f x T5 @* g4 ^
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-" b( C, @- {$ F' a9 e; F
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to" R2 M6 I3 ~% ~! M: R
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
! G; r* Z; F6 m( p' c- c& Achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and3 B) x, Y; N+ c
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ D! c2 E5 r$ Z) _6 C* L
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 {# w" p( m# r( {9 `7 P$ ^- {4 U
early childhood on pubertal development and final
+ A* z6 v( y4 ` a$ ladult height are not fully known and always remain$ @( x, ~5 @1 L: }
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 U# L1 w# l+ F9 K! i9 o8 g
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& `( b( F8 K% h; W6 B! \2 E+ G
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( {3 W$ V3 U3 e* I" w+ g0 Dcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 d5 m* y; Q6 R( U! Y/ hdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9$ ~% u/ }/ \. ]( H& z! n8 S/ g
There are conflicting reports and controversy [' T- D% ]; \* M1 u0 X K. U9 g( i
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult) _% t" r! V6 p
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal ~5 `$ f% s0 X$ l% z: [7 E* ^- }
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; s* {+ k, E) @2 C8 R1 i8 p
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! v8 k$ I- b( o; W1 T
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 H' R* n1 y; hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult# w0 ~ M6 G1 E' _* A& {! d
penile length in clinical studies.
( Z0 V4 d1 V7 |Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is5 w2 D" y$ [9 F. Q2 p# [9 @& \
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
, v9 C8 m l ]. b4 |testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
8 S& J2 ~. h! g f3 @the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time. z; a8 y3 z7 i' X4 M; [
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of8 v. c$ z& O, A7 o
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) o5 d8 ]$ ?+ N2 y3 T8 @4 K& e
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. A- J) {. z3 D3 W+ G
height will not be affected.
% A0 F1 F/ F' f* _) SAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) | m* T% }3 J& S8 g! {% O7 _ability of androgen products in our society may4 Q/ s/ q: N; [
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 w# P7 R9 q: W$ ]9 _ W+ u( T3 _children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
; `1 h9 @9 R5 P6 z+ Kgen products must be considered and specific ques-
8 f5 I. @- ~" Ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or) E/ s( d# |) p, o; ]6 s
gel should be asked of the family members during v* b- E: n1 H6 D! {- z; g2 x
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-' B- W% a% @% W# q' ?/ ]
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! h( h# n) h1 O4 r/ A ?& @( pnosis can be established by just a few tests and by7 u) P5 ~% Y' H8 k y
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 n6 P ]- L( J4 x/ Uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may5 v0 J) q9 M4 R/ r0 F" _/ \
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ N, U' G- @: f0 `/ U+ Ninvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' d' c5 m A4 i8 W, [- Q& Yaware of this fact, because most of these children; |4 O' f, j$ k8 g1 z
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
( p" D6 s& [, ]# O2 yDesk Reference and package insert should also put a3 D; R% {" t) G+ J, g
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 Y9 V9 _+ ^+ y8 {# Kfemale child who might come in contact with some-
# T# l [: }7 r+ H7 {one using any of these products.3 ]0 R& X% ?3 r( J
References2 X. H e* D/ m
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
: c1 K7 B! l D9 S' pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' T0 [2 N, j# s
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) C9 b& ]' R. }) F
2002: 565-628.
: q) T& U8 t$ e; Y# Y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: @. [; @; Q- E$ P9 X% L- j
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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