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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 J" i1 j5 Q4 L+ y: z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical7 ~; ^/ |. o; U/ m$ Z$ v
Exposure to Testosterone. H/ W- X. s$ s7 u, p
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 I3 }+ \3 B& |$ H8 Cand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
- k3 N( f: d$ ~% MClinical Pediatrics
+ B/ _% f$ v e( f2 SVolume 46 Number 68 j0 {! K& A0 P8 Q* i
July 2007 540-543, s+ G1 R: {! S# E+ M" Y
© 2007 Sage Publications1 `& f" F- a" J( G
10.1177/0009922806296651
* L2 X) [5 y7 a- _2 W6 w+ N; `- [http://clp.sagepub.com
3 E+ l& W7 _+ o% w" d5 h- D1 t0 Qhosted at, |2 G5 G3 c4 R$ o+ q
http://online.sagepub.com
" m/ z) A$ R" C5 A4 Z. CPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,( L$ D3 ~* l& k' J% Y' D( ~2 Z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central1 @+ W1 I% r5 ]) k8 Y- i: i; q9 E+ k
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
( j; j Y z. p' O0 S8 K! nthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; p9 m2 U& A" }' {$ v* `3 n1 Xa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
& ]3 M* O/ ?# v# N0 klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
# a9 B/ t" u9 M* z! t& m( Y0 S6 gby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 Q- f' x3 o9 Q2 Qhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! d# R; e% C, E5 {cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# d# i% q6 {$ @/ Oreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; z( m% J' P; l8 ^# a7 \
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-+ `4 Y0 Z- [2 n2 j# x
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due( B2 c: O* p' F0 E
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
0 V, @& a! i: e4 v, E: b# E! ^the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ P+ Q+ q, P: Y8 ` [* f, Cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
A+ j- c! P: \& g/ d" V0 tchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of! n" `- D9 ]! I1 Y1 d. B
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-2 ~6 z m6 C5 t# a: M. t, T9 V; Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the% [, ?; E/ U4 i
literature.4; s Z2 r& A. d2 f
Patient Report' y& d3 ]4 y4 H- p; v: ]. _3 J: ~
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 }- E4 {1 U/ t$ X( {
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
9 ~- r0 X+ x/ w; Q" E9 \: rof early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 @8 o" V$ @: e$ Ylight colored pubic hair development when he was" D' u9 }. S- [
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of6 `& _4 b! b) ?
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. p" p+ [- r: g& w- H" ~1 KAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,5 B, |2 ~( M2 g, M, D" m
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& B& w) v/ k2 e
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 U B9 M! ?, _/ Z* _8 S) }e-mail: [email protected]. L" @3 F" \! L
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 C2 @/ M5 t1 a# q2 ~' Ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& ?3 m4 t8 O0 z6 d7 X! {0 }9 j/ R
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
2 f/ E+ b, ?8 t/ m p* mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with7 |- J5 w8 M9 d4 I; k7 r! x
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
; z) s2 s5 o$ l20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year! }. p9 a9 J, X+ i. c
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& C5 x7 ?+ q2 B1 {solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,) p7 K3 k& S- _6 l3 G5 y
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development! u! ^7 \, y# r$ [ i4 O+ e1 h
was age appropriate.* i3 q: x# \, m/ B8 e
The family history was remarkable for the father,6 s( {; v. g* D5 m. J9 [4 H/ U: R8 l) m# O
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 {6 C" F+ E2 i- Awhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s2 Y2 U6 l. ]$ A. `
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
5 B4 b" M1 m8 |9 Cearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, s7 }5 ~, X% m+ J; p! d& w3 R" h+ eThe father denied taking any other medication. The
8 F$ m y C( W' z) ^! y# ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. d# M4 P% B$ }3 F1 M
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 P, L( |/ J* y/ \) ]9 y" L
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ ^3 K4 e* \: G9 F; M: s4 ]: E8 Pcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, O$ @9 F2 C, [$ {5 P1 Itives. There were no siblings.# S- }. e, i" h0 G3 X; k2 w' p
Physical Examination
+ v- m5 K' Q- h4 a6 v7 ^& |$ HThe physical examination revealed a very active,
: P+ o, u$ ?9 S8 }playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
5 |( d+ I! ?# H1 sa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
5 |% Q8 ?# z0 p! ?90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg) E7 T- ?# I" }7 N- D$ i
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 `: |+ E) C0 K T4 n! \6 Ovelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
+ R/ i+ B/ C8 T f6 f' lthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.2 P- R$ o$ e9 N& F, X' j5 M4 i
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
7 D' g1 o, ]% d/ C& n$ D! penlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
6 X, Q6 i# R/ T; L8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
% E, ^, r9 d! @* @7 q# l: p& |developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around8 ^' M+ Q z) G8 `& z
540
5 O* c& P- t* zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# ~8 u5 p, s2 }* E( F) w
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
3 @9 w* q, r0 m3 M" s: z7 y* Otesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.2 G) J2 s! y, C4 A q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat! P% `. A4 @5 f3 U2 H
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! C0 U0 m9 x. R9 d5 ^- T
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 M4 P9 A/ h' F( W4 |! e& Y
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+9 R& H7 ~# p' @" q# O' b
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
0 @$ Y! |' ]3 Rof papilledema., S9 n3 |6 V5 X7 V/ C" `
Laboratory Evaluation$ \$ l: y$ Z6 v( u
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
# ~4 ~* n9 } t0 M( f; y- Tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-: l" n4 v/ W, a% L$ f' U! o( l
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ i; E! q: S0 R( A( n3 q/ Y4 r0 ykaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% D G' B% V3 L9 E8 \/ u. Qshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 f" c" [: y* C' L0 M6 x& R5 e/ ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
; a. f: Y4 F$ ~: @* p' L( G+ k% U- qThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. K. Y' c, x7 s' W( J. {9 M+ _. Uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 g1 `3 A e5 u) V* F
within normal range for his age. The concentration
7 E& o- b& k. C/ uof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL, x# i, P3 I8 q9 I$ S
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20 g% F- i W! S5 c4 g2 u. q1 a
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-: _' Q" _0 a/ J/ d: R* O
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),% n! L: m# r1 ~, t) V+ P
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
+ P+ N9 z: U, y49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* P v1 p8 r# Q: Gwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# |( L$ O1 I) B& [3 c1 E" y5 ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
5 s$ b3 o* |, a1 _6 g1 m+ qtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
( ?. U& D! _% j) o" eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
$ a( B$ U5 {8 O" Q5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular% Q8 {5 r; \/ }+ [9 Y, t+ V
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 ^' m* N2 S: Q1 H; j. Nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL+ A2 Q2 D. |' g3 m+ J, t8 K( l* o
(prepubertal).
" |% K+ c X- Y# N9 ~ q9 ^ XThe parents were notified about the laboratory
. e1 n/ P7 Y% A: Z! N4 U* d% ?! y4 dresults and were informed that all of the tests were
, e+ v0 ]! g7 v' e$ E- ~normal except the testosterone level was high. The
4 N' I" `! v* h: _follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
9 U/ }) h+ E e9 \obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-. T6 h/ l7 B, e$ M2 U! L+ m% p: T
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.2 R* n3 j5 C9 [( p
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
" X) n" T" m9 { x1 E, }( achild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
' a* B( i1 q' Z, _1 P7 s5 C2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
6 |( n6 N9 K0 ~: `3 q: P, `unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 v" F8 T1 c; J8 {1 N, r/ ~pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' M% b3 q5 O4 K2 q1 C# tthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2" f4 ?- Y' P5 z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 k( i" S1 O! T) b: a$ b, Y+ \The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- C. ?2 R5 [/ i; Q9 g7 P
ing frequent erections.
0 }5 J2 J9 n" L3 V- S8 y6 dBoth parents were again questioned about use of
$ U* F) D4 S- a3 S9 v& B9 B3 ~any ointment/creams that they may have applied to& O" o9 ?- P$ A. l) [( N+ H: }
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the5 q2 Z/ H8 h# _) G1 f# b
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
8 Q+ l4 \: G- @% h6 G. {3 e8 Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-) {0 Z: F1 p( p( n
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for7 D8 q2 [$ _* `( {7 R. D) z6 M9 E
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 d# Y0 v" \# W
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
% [8 f$ N' o, V* s: V2 `: ]scribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 U) j1 ]- a- |
secondary to depression.) n2 m6 p% J/ {/ [2 _9 x) l
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
4 ^ a, n+ R( }: k$ b3 Z/ LThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
m& a2 z( Z+ Q% W; q2 y! ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-& j7 v D9 d5 e) y" M6 p; R
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
" \" M& L+ x" a1 FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,+ y: Y i4 Y0 j3 t
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 g% E7 ^1 r8 d) F/ U/ Twas high, he then read the product information1 R7 ?- j! @+ _$ K: [' R
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 z6 ]/ @/ [+ L0 c; z6 k
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. m' {, j& ^0 q; k0 e: N
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( ^% D9 ], e6 o
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
. x$ Z9 z3 U& P8 Hbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone) F, V4 k$ k5 ]( s: X' P% h+ P
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the3 Q% `5 Q# j- p* e4 X5 j
laboratory to obtain the test.
. T( s2 c0 t- t M8 A9 I# ODiscussion
) t6 [7 l* b- g0 KPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary( c4 o1 V* S, }
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4/ t5 l* l% |% }5 c
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
4 x/ Q O! t) n% X5 tit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, ^4 w% @/ m2 J' c+ b+ N( q5 C1 `
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. ^! b" S) R4 }" x" A8 [ J
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP/ s& m6 I. H0 m3 C6 w
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
+ \' {/ z: u( D) t, W0 C# ~responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-& W. ]5 f+ R% m9 a
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
% u8 j% S8 `8 G$ f+ _; ]sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in; K7 `7 b1 p: y3 k, o1 l& i( f! K7 c
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 v( ^; z% t4 T3 Z( p W# t
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
; R- Z4 K0 A/ \ ~3 \rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* C+ W0 G7 Q+ D0 @# Qgonadotropins.1,37 m( N; A+ t0 C' K- e, T
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" `3 D2 D3 T Q( f+ X. o
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& s1 N4 g. F0 h
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or' V1 ~# }/ Z# ]: f4 r' b
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
/ y$ Z* F+ u4 a' Pulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
4 f9 ^ b. K& x: G+ [congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive1 M- D+ b& e: u5 A( z- n$ w
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 l6 R+ U' |) b+ } {( ?puberty in boys.3,47 Z# ?: h2 q4 z' ~
The most common form of congenital adrenal* Y7 D# ~0 \/ F" |* C
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ p9 |, t: L" m) O
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 Y% N7 {8 z$ a' Q* P7 E
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. a3 k( {6 F8 c! J. a7 }- k5 e+ n
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
w% m( G% a5 W1 D. W' Kexcess.1,38 l `5 B5 @) y9 f) t( L& y+ h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 m1 @1 ?3 E% M! [; L9 s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
4 x) }1 p: Q5 S! @A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
% O$ G/ Q p" E1 oindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 V ~6 s9 Z w$ W' _as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a+ ~+ u5 V( C& p5 S
very young age. The physical findings in these boys/ l8 s2 U' W6 z0 l v
with this disorder are full pubertal development," V) c: P C( R" O
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys8 @* _% G# G- F" ~; i" V
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: E, U' i( b$ V0 F- a8 s
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
. \: X' L8 H# C3 M# q6 Bpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" K8 U0 S+ B& N' g0 k
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. V, I7 M) c8 w1 {4 O' X% qautosomal dominant disorder that affects only% i( I3 q; P3 |8 ?. K: H" p
males; therefore, other male members of the family
% y( X" \! s. ~* S" m- b2 {& ]1 omay have similar precocious puberty.3
; a; D* s- i' cIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 l; Y. {, Z( d% _' M9 \sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( A' r8 c( F2 `" f$ X3 A
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. ?: k+ x% v& K$ Y) o/ c7 e2 |was in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 {$ v. Z5 Q- ~0 dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
V1 @+ h* [) b2 N1 y& r! l8 M3 |testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
. \/ N$ a9 z9 c7 dbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-: Y% X5 ~% j( v2 y7 F
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" w! a1 }( J4 B4 K7 r Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
9 ~% g' Z- y4 s! j3 a" \either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, b9 k, F; E: s& ^4 zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, K2 G, Q' _* J0 L4 q" O
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
( T7 `$ I9 t" d! [The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
+ ]# e0 K% S2 B, \1 P. zsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& v2 k3 [9 m: x6 dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-. l8 U$ P% [5 }) i; Z! G7 C5 ~
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' c) r y, d4 f3 g" p2 t
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-/ ?9 ]9 s$ `* K @" T4 I
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 W' a( Z( v' dusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( q, b/ ~' j" N3 I
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ N# Q4 S& I0 p) e( \4 \
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
1 O6 y2 S7 v1 k- E* F+ Aunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
. L! n1 ]( P. s/ GSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the, Z) H* i% O% f& x! ?+ t
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
* w b5 Z9 t- v1 U+ _even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 W8 r2 B; y* B( k- w+ Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, `3 R) x+ }- \& @) A9 U$ V$ Rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* u- L1 Y$ q+ K1 o7 s D8 h' a% L
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
7 S8 Z( [) `/ M5 C1 Qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
3 k* @: R4 j) D: e& [# E- {( idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- u; |0 O* L4 o$ Uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) Z5 m% ~1 v! `0 h" W1 O, ]
active in young children exposed to testosterone% q6 x, ]* _* m" S
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-6 p7 A& c7 @! t( z
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ g7 {- C8 F l4 S) \
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 {. q' T+ c* S" q. _5 P9 ?
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 v4 q# @+ d. y; t) Zadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
, U9 ?5 M6 e0 rThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! g! q/ v# [% [6 {2 Q4 l4 E5 Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final
6 x. Z* _5 b# D/ b0 ]/ C% Nadult height are not fully known and always remain7 f* f& ?' V) W0 ]1 b7 i; _
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. K6 y) ~* S7 T0 N4 n
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some/ m- W+ R3 z; k
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after: w3 t% K/ s# r0 X6 f) N
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation* _! u$ B6 P/ O7 b9 ^% s: O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 b' l0 K* |* c; z9 S7 E; V: `
There are conflicting reports and controversy' Q2 i* t( A4 I% V& I/ ^5 W5 f
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult V% ?. N/ ~! [1 z3 `4 H+ |. _7 l
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
) m! l, y' V3 A! Z, ?1 qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 a: V* ]3 q- n: k% ]2 ]8 [: Dulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,4 i! x# O C- ~5 r3 i
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 { k3 @) y. c7 ]
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 g: v! A9 B. x& H' @penile length in clinical studies.
$ X1 j( O0 A& t: D9 p+ s# w5 jNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 B: M9 p. A; G& X! Z
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
: y- d, m/ y# H& O# A7 N/ htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because( y0 u" g b, T# y. c6 R
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 A. `! X; c" P- l1 @Although the bone age was advanced at the time of7 ]) G9 _1 j9 p: E7 `3 R, J, q
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 z" ^# ~, ?" A% N# gthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! P6 A) z: z' z9 v/ d! cheight will not be affected.
. [! x, P" M# e: r. CAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 g, a" b. Q9 R
ability of androgen products in our society may% H# p4 y9 Q) s& o, O3 A% y4 v O
indeed cause more virilization in male or female" ] w! u3 G: j( \
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 E u8 Z! T: }! R; Agen products must be considered and specific ques-( |8 E8 K0 Y/ {( C- ?$ J
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or, X! q2 k& d* X1 I, I @
gel should be asked of the family members during6 ~2 C2 A5 \5 v: P: N
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 s" l$ z) r7 n' Y$ a$ ^) l+ U
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ ]2 C# E, X; k3 t" p/ l
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 d, H7 {. S4 y1 P+ h$ Y! Y# k" Jappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a1 J% B- y3 z9 w- {
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" H. p- V0 P: ]( ?3 r8 n1 G* j' V3 a( Aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" X- n. i# v% L6 j) O
investigation. The primary care physician should be
' ` h- z" X: t/ ?aware of this fact, because most of these children
9 w* n8 S! Y' `9 H' dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’& b- e: f# Y. Z9 X! U
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
! e2 {0 O7 z, J; J& D: pwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or% Y$ f" P. [* ^8 O& u
female child who might come in contact with some-) p( A- c( e* h1 P' H) K9 y& U4 h
one using any of these products.
% v7 X4 \1 f/ [References
$ m) [, }, o/ w) I5 {0 n1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 W# J0 [/ O2 H- J8 X/ F- V: Y! yand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric; F" e+ G5 J+ @) Q) B
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
# `. O* n9 i5 R1 X4 O2002: 565-628.
0 B. y% G3 b4 N5 u! t2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 z/ W: K. ?4 C/ b" W& ?2 F3 H; [
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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