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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- a# i! \( j5 }
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical1 m! z' G! u% T4 Q3 |
Exposure to Testosterone
# T8 y* ]- k" {Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 ]) ~! M9 i' ]and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 _1 d1 P' p, y3 @) vClinical Pediatrics: m" ^$ l+ k, o. _1 y$ m3 N8 A& v
Volume 46 Number 6: Y, s# M5 @" c. ]8 m
July 2007 540-5434 G( p8 t' V/ ^+ C$ L& K
© 2007 Sage Publications
! ] l: m7 n: l: |* i' {6 m10.1177/0009922806296651
& h8 V p9 X0 [2 s4 I% j2 D7 `http://clp.sagepub.com+ U" i$ L7 y$ @+ `
hosted at% Q6 _$ t& ]5 _4 k% a. j+ I
http://online.sagepub.com/ x$ D2 D# w. A$ d; \4 D
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
O6 n5 P$ q5 R/ Sis a significant concern for physicians. Central: F8 e, ?4 p: M) a9 a5 p z4 D
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
Z" d% j& E2 G1 g. O9 r8 V+ O9 z6 [5 Tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 g) E, s. t1 P6 I9 i0 na higher incidence of organic central nervous system
/ z( ]9 D0 i7 q! y9 Tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 E# F [7 _9 Y5 ~
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" r$ x: b2 ~0 v% u
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
# _8 P3 o8 |/ H3 H$ ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We" y3 `1 w% t2 n E4 D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( j# F4 \: U: }' e: y4 e1 senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 A7 Z' Q, H4 H9 ?# n; P
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due; [' a$ R( C- D
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
2 |9 W* S& _7 Y3 e' b- Nthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% z: N, p' m9 A8 U% z: N6 Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( O5 H g- m! o2 L) I D1 [child. Given the widespread and easy availability of+ e" ^6 a7 s( [- r, p
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, h2 s0 d, T4 j+ u6 p
bly more common than the rare case report in the
" ]: h& L0 N9 l, G E1 t/ vliterature.4
1 H/ J/ P: Q4 mPatient Report0 O! w: y* \: v0 q/ I
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- q6 h( M% J( N8 z Y: p4 @endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& G0 f' V, b$ a) xof early sexual development. His mother noticed
4 Y7 G3 n0 x8 Y+ x# `$ M% M. Qlight colored pubic hair development when he was, c* N" ?! T& n6 d( N- y
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of0 [! U/ o9 K9 y' h
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.3 O) }8 o5 K4 M
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- { g. _, _) ^: x( S
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) h! y. {1 k" [0 q; s* K% SMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 h1 P$ T" r$ n, j, P; S: Z: I! M
e-mail: [email protected].+ e. R- a& `+ P C0 N" f6 Z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became+ J& K6 x. Z0 v, d
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) Q6 C2 v* L% A5 }$ G; o6 H5 B2 Z
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
6 b6 b; k9 q$ ]" A% _" lwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with @: A& d% F5 z0 s
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ r4 R% Z" ], s0 I* h1 g$ u20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ F" O3 F/ R1 Y, a' z' vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with$ ]+ b5 `% z0 M# u, Z$ l
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,2 _, R2 P2 B5 T
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ _* ?# Y9 M! pwas age appropriate.: w0 l1 ]- k1 J8 b9 W5 ]; S
The family history was remarkable for the father,4 r8 | C ?" n! I& a, b
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,- ~# }; E2 L+ M7 y' K
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
* ]7 f/ q" U* _/ Q/ I0 p. Xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ w3 |, k- y n3 M& g' ~. ~early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 t2 [- r' X% pThe father denied taking any other medication. The3 H3 t: d Y' X4 l2 n$ U
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
, T6 P$ Z% F# ]1 O% lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet9 {/ o0 a* B/ u
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ l- K; I: p T/ s& x+ `( b; q3 Ncocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
) C% a6 f, ? r6 P3 |tives. There were no siblings.5 n) B2 {) X; H5 u! F/ Y
Physical Examination* A9 x9 Z+ \" A: p8 T7 c5 _
The physical examination revealed a very active,. x5 |4 T0 O; S1 x; r( {# I
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 G; [! f0 s' `* t7 ]" u; C5 J/ g
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was& a, f+ g* F5 d% \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
* P N) v/ @, D! v- }/ {1 n1 o* K(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
; J/ X* `3 i' t1 z4 p3 e% ?, Ovelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 T! F3 J# p5 @8 hthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 n$ Z% {% i: QThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; H( M* l3 f3 g) w5 _+ Uenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
% e! ?" h- X, Z1 U3 W% G8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& f" h. J0 K7 I7 r3 w" Hdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" ?; z6 H( _# o+ a$ g7 K. H540
& N) D2 @: F/ K6 M! a, ~at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! i/ N- P) |4 I, I
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ k3 b3 z3 x: W$ Z: ?0 [testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( _5 L! O. `$ ~
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) \; ?* `5 ~2 e- ^oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; z# t. t- f7 A/ h, b
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.8 T7 a: J1 T, Z8 ?+ x W5 i7 G8 T
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 f) t3 _( E: n! L% Bbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion L5 Z0 z1 O1 t& z4 M1 Q
of papilledema.
9 l* j! {' G s) ]6 @Laboratory Evaluation- v) {( [3 D! r! F
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by0 y7 @9 H' H E
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-' p- T/ J- [; E5 ~* [
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal) ?* M7 s M8 ~: q- T8 D
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test8 m! a3 e0 C7 E/ Q( d
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-0 ~ \$ Q4 \3 c" p& ~# Y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).8 {$ z2 }2 l2 |5 j# }# j, v
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
0 H: m2 m) V1 Q |# ? q6 X: b$ ]urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were/ S* A, G8 K4 _6 o- a! y
within normal range for his age. The concentration2 ]3 [% @; V5 u0 a. z+ t" a
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 K" G5 B6 \9 F, | N
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
, }3 d0 s( R* W/ y) }4 B5 [2 Xng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! Y% q; V f: q0 k" Q% tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ b2 j* E7 g, Z5 m7 a$ v5 L! v( D4 L
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to. f2 c/ x q9 Z! K/ q
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 G. m2 r+ }( }+ ^- K! c9 A' [
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 h$ {5 H% B) f `6 q' H1 f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ i8 |5 B7 p8 @+ X' ~# u% A3 v
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 s9 r% n: c% u) \% a) nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 ]6 @) F2 \( o+ `0 q: p; z0 L$ e2 R5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular5 T8 _+ M4 T! A( a
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone _( I9 L8 `% R! j& |2 m! X
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL3 M( z2 q( V. |# x* T+ `1 C
(prepubertal).. N. U! Q8 L( Y% t9 _
The parents were notified about the laboratory
: e. U$ _ O( _. B/ e0 B7 P& u @results and were informed that all of the tests were/ A; r5 w7 w+ g) U
normal except the testosterone level was high. The* U/ m; Y1 G' \4 ?$ I
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
; ?( Z0 ^7 y3 X2 mobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
2 ^5 [/ F6 h% f# pever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 b: K4 c* N# o% L: N
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& B! `) J, c$ Tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained ^( x. I7 R( A* C) Z+ ?
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ N% ]1 m) `7 W ?1 k4 V( gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( i7 k8 ^6 n1 P$ \0 A. o, R. f' jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# D( E7 L+ t _8 C
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
6 x4 B7 [% {# q' Z# Z$ g# WmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.2 Z: I/ B3 ?+ V7 ~! R; t, f
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 Y8 h. j9 g! k9 k. Y
ing frequent erections.6 c8 R) |' h5 O5 |
Both parents were again questioned about use of5 @* b- i8 n7 G4 F# }9 i
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! u7 o$ M3 Z$ I0 A% w) p) e
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the. q! u- v/ I2 Q# A
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 P7 g+ r. C5 i( o" B$ t, K3 P/ F3 suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. k- G) l( g( ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for" D( _* k6 } w8 F; g
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) ~7 [2 \* q5 _0 k5 o, m3 e% d" K
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
' H: W: N1 \) n# H5 dscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 P# E# `6 R1 Ysecondary to depression.4 c1 l# A- z# k7 p6 j7 P+ a
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 Y0 t9 [# Z6 t; Q! FThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his- `% J6 z o( L5 n4 W0 v
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-1 w% o# `; |& z7 S, k& l
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 H, k0 \# m1 F/ w1 FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
4 f& M, @( u; |1 p) X. Y! V3 v4 @when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 D- C* [2 Q4 jwas high, he then read the product information& X4 @! {6 R. D/ v; t! U
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, O/ Q$ }1 h% k7 Vson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. S2 ]$ A$ H* j& q z8 h7 V Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( C7 r# U* F5 b, \
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
: C9 q/ V5 w0 d! Q) Ibeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 A z( `0 _5 l# Q6 ?- f
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the. r* ]9 j1 j. h8 ~1 q; D
laboratory to obtain the test.: D) n$ ~3 ?- z2 s* ^" t! @
Discussion
+ `. r- L @3 N% I- R/ kPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
' }& p" X+ F7 Z/ I9 isexual development before 9 years of age.1,4# P& r* |+ Q( p C
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ K/ T- x" @: Fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-( X# v i1 y: F+ J. t3 G; d
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
/ |8 k; ], H2 n- I1 g7 W Hmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 }) }* v" z5 Q9 S" t* m) ^may have a central nervous system lesion that is
/ k" g5 n! B2 Y/ _; m- zresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 {( Q) Y, d8 ^9 F
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
3 D% Z, w% G& u/ u/ Lsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 E2 f" y6 J# C s3 ?/ s) Jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
A# B; V8 J! O& ]& W# t- e4 J- zization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: J4 I$ `5 i0 m
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by4 z& `$ l+ \) Q* r# F. B7 \
gonadotropins.1,32 z3 x7 w2 t. s$ [: x$ x; i7 L
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 t0 W* M% F1 W0 o0 Y. u/ j5 T
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate ^( A5 P! x; \5 _
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 I9 J; J, M6 @* P5 b; k$ L
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" J& T0 b% ^0 N4 b* k3 R' l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
5 }6 C! X: I P) g4 Y5 [* ?; ? Econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
+ t' b6 c8 e( ^7 tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
9 e. z+ v3 ]3 H. G; y% K# Epuberty in boys.3,49 I: n3 H1 u% A& n/ m1 ?8 ?0 J: D3 ^3 n
The most common form of congenital adrenal; x& i) m& M0 X8 R8 U4 J9 W$ Z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
$ v7 F# W+ c& V6 s7 m2 p& GThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) o, ~ y1 K* ~1 H& g- v# q
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
8 {/ I% ^ O5 n+ i9 Z! ]( d9 oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 V0 E5 c/ u, e! _+ X+ ^1 Fexcess.1,3# j! C9 Z- k. R/ T" r" _5 z. c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& i' @" a4 S( @2 s. p% |4 K+ ~: E542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 M4 r8 O/ v# Q3 j" FA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ \( w- }( l( R5 f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known- l: A9 f* U9 L! d0 U- E/ P
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 d" _. l7 Z0 @( y3 k5 w6 }very young age. The physical findings in these boys$ g3 N9 ?+ F+ K3 q# d, |6 s2 a
with this disorder are full pubertal development,+ i$ |( m, z9 M8 l: S C
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ G8 g5 A3 ?1 K' A0 O4 A: _ iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. o& q" S. W N# N y1 t6 sare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
9 K7 A; s e- J, k9 s1 z% D# {pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 J0 W3 w9 s* k# rreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' `9 u6 t7 h% v# ]& U' b Z- pautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( p- B* `, _8 ]2 mmales; therefore, other male members of the family. x4 N7 G3 f( U
may have similar precocious puberty.3+ D; Y$ t% v! t* r* s
In our patient, physical examination was incon-6 W" `$ d) ~. ?) x0 g
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( \ e0 ^/ e& u& ]' ]cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& t% `9 Z0 |5 N: N$ @# Z
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
. n' C2 \5 e7 u) U1 wstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
5 |" W1 r4 q# s: c4 @testicular enlargement is not that evident in the6 ^/ @- Y3 k8 f# x
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! W5 y' J+ p) Q" f3 Q+ A* b
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ ] a# y& E, `1 a* n- h5 J
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. w3 c3 Y% v: peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# B1 i w9 u+ n; ^2 [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' e0 C9 T+ f: i& w/ V8 ping the normal level of adrenal steroids.5 i5 C- c+ g; q( d) {: z4 g
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 S* _2 c' L: E. C6 Rsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
4 K+ l" u7 n- n3 }+ k5 A& zthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-. s( J7 ~+ e% A4 u! _% @
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- V, v% ^! \! T1 K( @! e2 pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-) n0 Y! A0 j! H- }! A
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ a8 t e+ |" x+ X8 E% wusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’. Y& ~6 r% w. \* \ g/ v
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or; {4 s3 s7 `6 L# s9 [
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to: {' N/ v: C$ u0 G
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) ^+ x# \" J% s3 o* K) lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
8 y& a* p8 r0 l" Q, K5 Ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to
' `3 [/ H! v5 _3 A. ?, Peven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; l7 C, b) |, V5 m
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
3 V' y. T3 y8 V, `5 q3 @6 etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented./ t2 |. [. y% e8 F# ^8 n+ Q$ ]$ R
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
7 B/ A9 _# c2 S& D- J8 a$ J* ?- mwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
7 K5 P9 d+ u5 J# M+ {# Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-8 U- h4 n/ `5 Y( Q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( h0 ^) W& G( Cactive in young children exposed to testosterone/ @8 m, z- D9 s
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy- s% N- K9 ?7 Z; [' \8 O$ w+ _
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to5 G6 I7 V5 K+ Q! x, C) U% I& W
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( ?0 X9 W! K. o2 \! w5 G: L' Achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and/ x, \( `6 c3 J8 }' d7 N% F% c8 {* \( B
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.- y- l, G/ s5 G$ X
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 n B- x6 S5 G2 E$ Q U
early childhood on pubertal development and final
6 a& M" M+ N! F3 d7 U. P: M" Gadult height are not fully known and always remain6 R, ^8 D7 Z$ H& q0 Z. j; q
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
! o( T" s+ j( x, |terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* b7 Y/ L, k, M5 X
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. x; m' b1 |& B8 J- N5 M3 Y2 o: ^
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
+ _+ S4 N" E: E6 Gdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,96 R2 b& N1 i+ z" f; |
There are conflicting reports and controversy/ \* E, q( L2 ~' ~4 Y2 Y; Q$ M
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% b" B7 u% F8 c& X5 K* ?+ K
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 |+ L! A. N, N( z8 P
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. n: u. @; l% S$ Z( I
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,) t. \' i9 }; ?" k* ?
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( s/ H- Y- ^' T4 H1 i
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. j5 g. |$ o: t' `& dpenile length in clinical studies.* H* d* T: h: H4 X
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
6 r* \- F7 D0 Ogoing to experience any of the untoward effects from/ G! B5 L0 ^0 i [ P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
( `- R4 O' r+ ^& B" U, m2 @ e; Gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 Q1 m4 g( U7 }
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
- B& l: L2 k8 W% R: qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 t0 _; v) B+ G0 }' X% B# Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 G; q: I" t* q) @8 o+ d% oheight will not be affected.
3 t/ k( n8 I+ V. ], m1 jAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-; F" R& k( e$ n |( p: ~; O
ability of androgen products in our society may: _5 U' C2 x1 R3 I6 b
indeed cause more virilization in male or female% E$ q# `1 n% i: c/ \- x4 H/ Q; I
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-% b6 ]/ Q# n% o& e8 y( x
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
/ ?# J. t* X; ktioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 h. i: u6 [' D6 S2 o3 v
gel should be asked of the family members during
3 G5 p2 _7 D, }& P# xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
( m2 {& G: g* hilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! L3 O! K. s0 e, w& a/ Enosis can be established by just a few tests and by
# {% ]& j7 H5 Nappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a8 |2 `9 k' v/ n) }) T' d
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may( U& e6 Y8 h$ w) w6 H3 o) z
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 P, o' A5 @1 y( |$ Yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be7 c4 U( ~5 k! x' k+ L
aware of this fact, because most of these children
7 S' y# y1 y+ l9 z# a* smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’2 w& O: N8 Z9 \( l" j) D9 [
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& Z2 n9 ^8 C! u! u+ t8 ]6 Kwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! D0 K8 W9 }% _% m5 R, Sfemale child who might come in contact with some-0 O, v+ p8 N8 h( j* E! z
one using any of these products.
& o1 X% ?3 o r( ^% I% TReferences
- F7 n- y8 ~* _1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation0 w3 b. Q3 S: H* b" N
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ s8 N/ H1 ^% e4 y2 xEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
+ Z% _( ?# V) U2002: 565-628.7 H8 K! ]0 @, Y7 W$ x d
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
I. t1 P; G$ I$ Lpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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