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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 y' R% b- M3 T
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical O( q9 X+ k3 h) p7 n9 `2 E
Exposure to Testosterone
G6 R" E1 }' K! x; rSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,29 o; q# V7 T, P! L8 }6 D
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, d8 d( V% ~- d* a* r" K. ^( j/ U/ I
Clinical Pediatrics; r, s7 t8 g, z# k) m4 [3 H
Volume 46 Number 6
- j& ]* \" M" z' r b. AJuly 2007 540-543( j' X$ }6 W( K
© 2007 Sage Publications. Q' |$ J/ M. [
10.1177/00099228062966511 d+ X6 O" S2 M" W; Z! \
http://clp.sagepub.com
8 a$ Q& k: j5 q4 h- v: vhosted at9 G* R1 x; M! S# |/ `
http://online.sagepub.com3 m+ Q. k2 X1 b3 E6 @
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% i5 o8 ]4 Q: c+ T6 [ z: ois a significant concern for physicians. Central
- k4 ^/ _8 \! t0 H) k' s' iprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated8 c) f2 q/ s ^: B/ }) |
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has k$ I) Q. E0 s! ?/ ^4 l
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 A+ E- P8 n7 W3 N n, A7 [. R/ ^
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 @& T* o' J% L0 U2 w4 b
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 J. L e' t& J8 `hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-9 M! ?7 ^3 I7 Z; X: g7 B* c) y
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We2 M- Z! F }0 |
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
+ h! g* B* N6 I5 {5 N6 s$ ~2 u, Qenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
8 ?5 O0 p7 v5 Fment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. C N+ I* }9 }# f! Q8 d5 gto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by6 P. k! t4 Y! v/ M
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" u' S2 ?7 u# z3 k- q% cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
; x0 g8 w; S3 Y( `, Dchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 `! j( p. N- S" R+ e! ~
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* y% H5 U5 S4 o1 q; D& n# U
bly more common than the rare case report in the- s$ H" G' ~2 ~& q
literature.4
1 ^* k" W2 w+ }5 A# F: A# p I- e% S% kPatient Report
( {; |9 q. b& z! [; yA 16-month-old white child was referred to the" E* E& w/ X5 n* H* `
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern4 n& d% W- ?1 }- i. c0 P a9 {
of early sexual development. His mother noticed% }" ?0 h+ B4 V
light colored pubic hair development when he was
# p& a0 ?4 V n1 k6 SFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 e7 y S& f- o% S X; T2 u- G/ YSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
2 K0 @: a$ o1 YAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 s* L! r! g4 {8 ?7 TProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 Z% s1 V( q. f% L. K
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;( S( _# j0 B6 }5 S# O; ?
e-mail: [email protected].
. W0 w6 ]% J# i( X" w" c3 {5 [1 Jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 Q: _, c% [* R# X- [# O
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-* x3 a8 W1 S4 l2 z
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
1 |8 e( e0 X0 \) `, j1 ?9 W/ u& Swas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
, l* k: z/ V" P! l2 a9 ma birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( n2 `' S! h K7 m4 H4 e. z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year. r g# S w' p I4 D
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
3 N/ T/ t! i# Wsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! R0 M) i$ L7 c b; G9 @
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 J5 ~0 i2 V0 }! q8 X5 Pwas age appropriate.! [) m; r5 o; `' _% q2 {% [8 m
The family history was remarkable for the father,
0 d$ A' c5 S2 [4 K' {who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
( c; Z7 x5 |! N, u: |which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 F! C e% m4 @! h" F: Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
) @2 ]& f' ]. Z- [9 Gearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 g4 g8 c- c. l6 O2 i, E5 q
The father denied taking any other medication. The
7 |6 P/ m1 }/ a- E' k. j& l8 [child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 ?2 G- q+ a: v2 x. ?
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 L/ c$ ~. C; f) n4 Y
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
7 L9 O( _9 J% N- D1 Jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-# z$ r0 c4 Y) e( [1 I* E* y" F
tives. There were no siblings.6 @, R) [" j6 e3 Q8 x: @; }
Physical Examination
/ w* [4 w6 |) O( H4 h- w }The physical examination revealed a very active,- N- `. ~0 C7 f2 b/ \6 S
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented3 j, w2 B& A) W3 Z
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
9 C9 P9 Z* j& C+ l90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
; g8 {+ z: s2 N6 e(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 |- F1 J b. u0 s- w) a8 a3 c" Lvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of ?; G. |1 ~2 @& W
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.- d; b& m7 e2 q' S! G5 W4 @
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for: T5 Q! G! v1 F
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
) [3 f+ \% |9 g/ [/ p8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 q9 J. q: i/ w- F4 b( B- p
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around! ?7 N* _% p! d6 c7 n
540# Y" _. \" m5 {1 A; `" w
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! t: X x D+ T* D7 lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The4 m; r7 ?" Z* \4 r- O9 {
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& n9 K$ _; U7 a7 e
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat' _7 i4 d* o. H$ F6 F
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ n; g9 B# E: m. t6 q* t- ^5 Wabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 t) \( j! T1 rNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ C. I( W( D1 h3 k( Q* t/ M! Q7 Ybilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% W1 |: h5 ~' |: oof papilledema.
- e( T- b9 u m2 }9 A# E0 O0 ELaboratory Evaluation) Q/ H/ G8 K7 B; z# l3 a
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by: y l* Z) P+ f4 _1 l+ z
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
9 I0 W3 G5 ?0 O! J" K$ Y% ?0 rlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal0 l2 P; M4 k! |" M3 [9 N3 `
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' T+ x8 z7 S. s7 P1 s' a. K! X
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
- B# [* ?( g2 B% u, \lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 b6 A1 `. r$ Y( m# }3 d' ZThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 }+ ?1 Q1 z" j4 e4 W8 E1 ]urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) l( R& t6 ]1 I# L& |& N
within normal range for his age. The concentration1 c; P4 y' b2 O" L6 G
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
9 o- @! J y6 o; d/ D(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 y% w M7 Y" T/ X0 J0 z
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-, E& P4 G# W/ H# O6 k
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),* S! n9 K. f/ R
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to) q8 h3 \1 T: b2 |5 I
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
' G# b u% s" ]was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
2 o" S* _: S. Ktisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
) ~# q u( S# e! a7 I' p ?6 ~4 m3 F Ktestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),( d2 p4 n& h- o: w; ^* g8 i% V
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than( t4 X& j, Q, d
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular: ~1 X2 u7 _5 M ~
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 h# {: T0 {, S3 y/ J# Wconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
" u+ ]! W5 r7 T; Y0 [(prepubertal).
9 x9 T2 |7 R; c" z$ y* FThe parents were notified about the laboratory) s" R$ X- k1 h( i. M
results and were informed that all of the tests were# M! l( W4 k2 Q' P3 r
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ B" R+ C' z7 \follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to8 ^: X& ?5 p9 l1 ~9 h
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-5 T: b. K; ?- O3 _
ever, the family did not return for 4 months. t5 H/ s. D" Z( j9 Z8 P- \+ k7 Y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the9 w# F/ ~+ M: z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
8 `) _/ p p# K+ A- p5 }* p' J; I0 }2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained/ Q1 g$ y3 Y. h. P3 J) o" b
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
; x) }; r, a6 g. G( ?+ ipletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
+ Z2 J' o: K1 o" L* B- kthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
. ^! q8 X5 W& |- gmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 c5 l, n; l& j3 X; }
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-. W0 [/ P! p$ o" |5 k! a
ing frequent erections.
- y4 J- k: V" t0 xBoth parents were again questioned about use of' F6 T3 a5 \7 k- |5 N
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! `# n# D9 ~, \, ~: ?& J/ E+ _
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the0 k0 R3 f L; i# B- h$ k8 I
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ ? a8 w2 x2 M. r" huse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; M# i! G d5 j8 W
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 x% W2 n$ [( U3 }- k1 d
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* P# D" x, F+ X# e1 u8 mto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ u+ _7 J% Y* p9 ~. Mscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 L2 U8 S0 D$ [2 M7 W; ssecondary to depression.6 ?! G, g- U/ m% l2 O0 \' H
The child slept in the same bed with parents.2 `: J; D3 V' H5 E# ?& `) d2 ]
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his& _3 ~9 o) ~; q L0 t# i2 [
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-+ O% {8 U; P r8 u! v
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 U1 Z% ]1 t2 p1 \: t9 x5 [
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ L1 p& l8 G& K! Mwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby9 o' x2 `0 I8 D$ H) ~; s8 M
was high, he then read the product information }% G8 t# t3 s+ |! J. R/ q6 V' ~
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-. D* V2 N) g' @5 ^) g7 x
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 Y6 o) r+ {. D( {/ odecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 h1 Q }1 g% d5 `; B" H+ T: X% ~father was not hugging him with bare skin and had! I0 l& k1 f( G8 m4 v8 }9 I* d8 q* b
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- ^+ A. h' Y. M+ r- {( d' \% k& q
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 M2 a& V6 f. c
laboratory to obtain the test.
* `+ K1 W8 I' s# i' C+ w# aDiscussion
5 w5 {, n; H* I* HPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
k# Y$ M y' R; D% `! E, E/ Ssexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 k' ~. A: `# f2 W, _Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when! B( x- t6 V& l# `
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 |& D5 h/ x5 f
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
5 O* K- f5 @0 R' C& Tmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP' y+ O) V* L7 K3 V5 p& H
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 K2 S" T0 S; N! aresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
# Q$ s1 y/ ?# ]- G; V7 @* jamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-2 b8 @2 T0 P9 o3 d- O5 t, D
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
) H2 j8 X* _2 A" fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
% N4 |9 x0 d9 w0 I0 Fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-" c; T: G5 H; v9 v& E
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
# {4 I5 u- N- X s( C0 xgonadotropins.1,3
; {& _) G- \, O! z1 RGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
6 x- s+ E- u% u6 Q" Y0 A5 _" gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate( L" l$ ]. M [+ h
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
# h6 @1 c- p/ Y/ o, ^1 wexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
: B( ^# K7 a% _5 ^) g6 Fulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing p9 @% a- c+ F* u6 @. F
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 V- A! R7 E! J1 Q, n- ?
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious8 J S; }% y( z: c+ ^5 G
puberty in boys.3,4
/ ~% _0 ]/ g0 t! X. b. ` hThe most common form of congenital adrenal1 z" L/ \4 h, ]/ k+ E) f2 Z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.9 K, m, y7 P8 {) F8 I/ B- ^
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in5 C% D H* l( i, o5 q3 C4 L
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, K" V- _" T! \9 O" L( Gan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, z+ R* F: E/ ]: n: Y
excess.1,3
; D# L e0 i5 Bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 S3 W7 ~ B# @6 w3 {' G542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
7 M2 O" Z2 i' ?A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-5 w- w/ S5 Y. w8 k, f, p
independent precocious puberty, which is also known d- {- B u9 V8 j% D# o6 J
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 j2 n5 S/ f# u5 n; l; U0 uvery young age. The physical findings in these boys/ O) D/ ?+ L: [" z/ ^
with this disorder are full pubertal development,! z, p. A" O" N& Q$ S
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys7 L9 m6 @5 U; U: D+ h" z$ m# E
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
& Q8 Y$ T2 B0 t" _/ M- ?8 U( A% ?are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# q, k% q, B3 n& G* h# }pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) u+ p3 A! D: |7 D0 creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 M8 m3 k0 y9 y4 k7 _5 _autosomal dominant disorder that affects only3 x4 ]: e4 @- \
males; therefore, other male members of the family
' {: z: I+ T& ?1 umay have similar precocious puberty.3; h) G. d9 r& h. [2 ^
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
& ]3 h1 N7 d1 `2 V) j+ m" qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-" y$ f6 Z7 h' k% F1 f' r# R X) l
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 M- s: h# s, Uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father3 o% {2 W8 X) U& n
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
! w& D/ {: u& etesticular enlargement is not that evident in the; u4 h& ?) l7 j- S( j* I
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" \1 `: O9 H( t; V, d: [
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our6 M' Z) O! p: Y$ d
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; G; t8 ?& Z8 }* {: D- W: \+ c
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
k9 ~6 Y- D3 h( l' }) |deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( u7 C' k4 U% n. a$ L$ n8 sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.1 z( ] u' u" x9 q6 }1 ~, ?
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' c+ g( q: B: t2 r8 x9 j2 W
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because4 L1 H2 h% c3 [8 i/ \/ [
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 E$ h6 b) U4 V; p) F1 B* T
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 H+ O3 V& X G/ W8 A9 U
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
8 C3 p: B- a$ U9 v. v% Y$ T" }terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
4 w- o4 B- g' u( F! W' q) Y! busing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
7 x3 N3 O3 Z! G' Q/ D' HDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or* O! [- L/ M3 f2 A5 ~0 [& d' @
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
8 c: m l2 A- Y7 R, c$ Ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.' K- {. |6 v) P9 Y1 i" e
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 J3 ]/ S. t5 \( j
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
) J% U- |) o" h* U7 J! D6 Ceven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. X7 C" v0 H' l" }; {partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ T6 k; r& A, i4 M2 O, O8 ]4 U
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
# y8 }/ \3 P: r- }3 VOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
' Q6 h0 j: e6 w } Dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
) G' N" F3 u' U4 a+ ~! k$ S1 bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-8 s* U4 d1 t# K: b
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
# x1 R- K6 Y N; L0 W+ zactive in young children exposed to testosterone7 b5 g7 \; C4 L# w, X
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
" Y- ? G+ S* M. R& ?drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 N t- Y& I- L3 I; Uvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 k. ?) b2 h+ h2 y* v. }% Echildren results in an increase in growth velocity and* l7 v$ Y$ \+ ~2 c) k* I9 U
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ `% A2 z; q8 S* e$ ]; t8 J* Z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during# {" @3 p2 J9 D6 e# f- u+ A' \
early childhood on pubertal development and final
0 T4 ~0 g1 }. e/ N, Q8 [( \# J! vadult height are not fully known and always remain2 b' W, o" `# [7 L$ H" }* N$ C
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ } o9 ?( [ P- F$ {/ r. A
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some5 G* j! q! `/ y( O/ t) Y8 G/ ?9 H
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( p8 v2 v6 N5 E' y/ r$ U9 pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation, p$ r( X" {# y. q6 o8 r8 U
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, X. S5 }7 h, g8 n+ VThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ [# P( n5 z5 X0 `over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
# n" ]' |+ u, w7 w2 [* epenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ ?) \' x& n$ `# B6 O3 j5 O) O; S
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
; g8 U. I+ p8 {: D3 `ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
4 f/ a% [9 N! B' D2 l* g. ~9 W* FSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
5 D5 D) s! ]. i/ wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult% B: n* a: j" k% K5 s
penile length in clinical studies.; {% j ?: y; F' _! ]' u
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
6 F+ D+ {/ `+ U" O' w$ q) A$ w7 igoing to experience any of the untoward effects from. m f8 }0 |. r, g
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 N# ?7 L% S( C+ K
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 p% m. C( f, P' H* m2 Q* S% F" E
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 c6 Y* @1 |: s$ gdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at! p9 A5 ~5 W' ~$ Y F
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# S1 b9 B- F. `! J, j- j
height will not be affected.
: J& }- \9 h. `! j" G9 s4 gAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-& R2 w4 H# \ W) ^2 H
ability of androgen products in our society may8 B5 Q6 i) o$ A& K& ~4 f, j
indeed cause more virilization in male or female3 d6 |( W9 y( S
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
, x# {) n2 Z# p, B, H/ Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-' i/ `# {( A% W# x# n
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or! Y5 _# Z& e* @$ C! G2 V5 H3 v
gel should be asked of the family members during" v) }( v: A. V/ `1 F
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
- s6 ~9 O( X! p; pilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
6 q; J/ o* ]' M7 d- M9 {nosis can be established by just a few tests and by! f7 Q. A: @1 h" u
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a, u6 p! Y8 O6 [5 l
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ O* [2 C' r4 `% L: I& }: D5 yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 q/ D @% Y# ]( Z. c& t C) J# @
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ i/ a" ]! }; w* G
aware of this fact, because most of these children! G, `. m. [" G& O
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
( n. w% m( {: U$ GDesk Reference and package insert should also put a; U# n6 O4 i* R4 b9 t V+ Y
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
$ h2 }: u2 Q# @female child who might come in contact with some-& A1 _7 \6 Q/ E/ a5 A- t9 [
one using any of these products." c9 J7 H: S7 G
References& c |( c% a1 t3 U0 E4 c: }0 D+ w
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 a- z8 \4 T% b% Dand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
5 }- K- I$ b+ B" @2 S/ Y5 L+ t+ [Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 [5 o, D( Y% R, h( u; C" V
2002: 565-628.
1 q5 O3 x. r2 K$ N" o- {3 ?' L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious. _; g9 y3 ]% K I& k4 T7 u
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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