WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- a# i! \( j5 }
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical1 m! z' G! u% T4 Q3 |
Exposure to Testosterone
# T8 y* ]- k" {Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 ]) ~! M9 i' ]and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 _1 d1 P' p, y3 @) vClinical Pediatrics: m" ^$ l+ k, o. _1 y$ m3 N8 A& v
Volume 46 Number 6: Y, s# M5 @" c. ]8 m
July 2007 540-5434 G( p8 t' V/ ^+ C$ L& K
© 2007 Sage Publications
! ]  l: m7 n: l: |* i' {6 m10.1177/0009922806296651
& h8 V  p9 X0 [2 s4 I% j2 D7 `http://clp.sagepub.com+ U" i$ L7 y$ @+ `
hosted at% Q6 _$ t& ]5 _4 k% a. j+ I
http://online.sagepub.com/ x$ D2 D# w. A$ d; \4 D
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
  O6 n5 P$ q5 R/ Sis a significant concern for physicians. Central: F8 e, ?4 p: M) a9 a5 p  z4 D
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
  Z" d% j& E2 G1 g. O9 r8 V+ O9 z6 [5 Tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 g) E, s. t1 P6 I9 i0 na higher incidence of organic central nervous system
/ z( ]9 D0 i7 q! y9 Tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 E# F  [7 _9 Y5 ~
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" r$ x: b2 ~0 v% u
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
# _8 P3 o8 |/ H3 H$ ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We" y3 `1 w% t2 n  E4 D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( j# F4 \: U: }' e: y4 e1 senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 A7 Z' Q, H4 H9 ?# n; P
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due; [' a$ R( C- D
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
2 |9 W* S& _7 Y3 e' b- Nthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% z: N, p' m9 A8 U% z: N6 Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( O5 H  g- m! o2 L) I  D1 [child. Given the widespread and easy availability of+ e" ^6 a7 s( [- r, p
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, h2 s0 d, T4 j+ u6 p
bly more common than the rare case report in the
" ]: h& L0 N9 l, G  E1 t/ vliterature.4
1 H/ J/ P: Q4 mPatient Report0 O! w: y* \: v0 q/ I
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- q6 h( M% J( N8 z  Y: p4 @endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& G0 f' V, b$ a) xof early sexual development. His mother noticed
4 Y7 G3 n0 x8 Y+ x# `$ M% M. Qlight colored pubic hair development when he was, c* N" ?! T& n6 d( N- y
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of0 [! U/ o9 K9 y' h
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.3 O) }8 o5 K4 M
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- {  g. _, _) ^: x( S
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) h! y. {1 k" [0 q; s* K% SMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 h1 P$ T" r$ n, j, P; S: Z: I! M
e-mail: [email protected].+ e. R- a& `+ P  C0 N" f6 Z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became+ J& K6 x. Z0 v, d
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) Q6 C2 v* L% A5 }$ G; o6 H5 B2 Z
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
6 b6 b; k9 q$ ]" A% _" lwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  @: A& d% F5 z0 s
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ r4 R% Z" ], s0 I* h1 g$ u20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ F" O3 F/ R1 Y, a' z' vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with$ ]+ b5 `% z0 M# u, Z$ l
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,2 _, R2 P2 B5 T
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ _* ?# Y9 M! pwas age appropriate.: w0 l1 ]- k1 J8 b9 W5 ]; S
The family history was remarkable for the father,4 r8 |  C  ?" n! I& a, b
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,- ~# }; E2 L+ M7 y' K
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
* ]7 f/ q" U* _/ Q/ I0 p. Xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ w3 |, k- y  n3 M& g' ~. ~early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 t2 [- r' X% pThe father denied taking any other medication. The3 H3 t: d  Y' X4 l2 n$ U
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
, T6 P$ Z% F# ]1 O% lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet9 {/ o0 a* B/ u
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ l- K; I: p  T/ s& x+ `( b; q3 Ncocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
) C% a6 f, ?  r6 P3 |tives. There were no siblings.5 n) B2 {) X; H5 u! F/ Y
Physical Examination* A9 x9 Z+ \" A: p8 T7 c5 _
The physical examination revealed a very active,. x5 |4 T0 O; S1 x; r( {# I
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 G; [! f0 s' `* t7 ]" u; C5 J/ g
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was& a, f+ g* F5 d% \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
* P  N) v/ @, D! v- }/ {1 n1 o* K(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
; J/ X* `3 i' t1 z4 p3 e% ?, Ovelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 T! F3 J# p5 @8 hthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 n$ Z% {% i: QThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; H( M* l3 f3 g) w5 _+ Uenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
% e! ?" h- X, Z1 U3 W% G8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& f" h. J0 K7 I7 r3 w" Hdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" ?; z6 H( _# o+ a$ g7 K. H540
& N) D2 @: F/ K6 M! a, ~at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! i/ N- P) |4 I, I
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ k3 b3 z3 x: W$ Z: ?0 [testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( _5 L! O. `$ ~
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) \; ?* `5 ~2 e- ^oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; z# t. t- f7 A/ h, b
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.8 T7 a: J1 T, Z8 ?+ x  W5 i7 G8 T
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 f) t3 _( E: n! L% Bbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion  L5 Z0 z1 O1 t& z4 M1 Q
of papilledema.
9 l* j! {' G  s) ]6 @Laboratory Evaluation- v) {( [3 D! r! F
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by0 y7 @9 H' H  E
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-' p- T/ J- [; E5 ~* [
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal) ?* M7 s  M8 ~: q- T8 D
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test8 m! a3 e0 C7 E/ Q( d
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-0 ~  \$ Q4 \3 c" p& ~# Y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).8 {$ z2 }2 l2 |5 j# }# j, v
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
0 H: m2 m) V1 Q  |# ?  q6 X: b$ ]urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were/ S* A, G8 K4 _6 o- a! y
within normal range for his age. The concentration2 ]3 [% @; V5 u0 a. z+ t" a
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 K" G5 B6 \9 F, |  N
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
, }3 d0 s( R* W/ y) }4 B5 [2 Xng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! Y% q; V  f: q0 k" Q% tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ b2 j* E7 g, Z5 m7 a$ v5 L! v( D4 L
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to. f2 c/ x  q9 Z! K/ q
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 G. m2 r+ }( }+ ^- K! c9 A' [
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 h$ {5 H% B) f  `6 q' H1 f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ i8 |5 B7 p8 @+ X' ~# u% A3 v
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 s9 r% n: c% u) \% a) nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 ]6 @) F2 \( o+ `0 q: p; z0 L$ e2 R5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular5 T8 _+ M4 T! A( a
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone  _( I9 L8 `% R! j& |2 m! X
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL3 M( z2 q( V. |# x* T+ `1 C
(prepubertal).. N. U! Q8 L( Y% t9 _
The parents were notified about the laboratory
: e. U$ _  O( _. B/ e0 B7 P& u  @results and were informed that all of the tests were/ A; r5 w7 w+ g) U
normal except the testosterone level was high. The* U/ m; Y1 G' \4 ?$ I
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
; ?( Z0 ^7 y3 X2 mobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
2 ^5 [/ F6 h% f# pever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 b: K4 c* N# o% L: N
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& B! `) J, c$ Tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained  ^( x. I7 R( A* C) Z+ ?
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ N% ]1 m) `7 W  ?1 k4 V( gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( i7 k8 ^6 n1 P$ \0 A. o, R. f' jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# D( E7 L+ t  _8 C
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
6 x4 B7 [% {# q' Z# Z$ g# WmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.2 Z: I/ B3 ?+ V7 ~! R; t, f
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 Y8 h. j9 g! k9 k. Y
ing frequent erections.6 c8 R) |' h5 O5 |
Both parents were again questioned about use of5 @* b- i8 n7 G4 F# }9 i
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! u7 o$ M3 Z$ I0 A% w) p) e
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the. q! u- v/ I2 Q# A
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 P7 g+ r. C5 i( o" B$ t, K3 P/ F3 suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. k- G) l( g( ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for" D( _* k6 }  w8 F; g
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) ~7 [2 \* q5 _0 k5 o, m3 e% d" K
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
' H: W: N1 \) n# H5 dscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 P# E# `6 R1 Ysecondary to depression.4 c1 l# A- z# k7 p6 j7 P+ a
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 Y0 t9 [# Z6 t; Q! FThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his- `% J6 z  o( L5 n4 W0 v
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-1 w% o# `; |& z7 S, k& l
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 H, k0 \# m1 F/ w1 FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
4 f& M, @( u; |1 p) X. Y! V3 v4 @when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 D- C* [2 Q4 jwas high, he then read the product information& X4 @! {6 R. D/ v; t! U
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, O/ Q$ }1 h% k7 Vson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. S2 ]$ A$ H* j& q  z8 h7 V  Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( C7 r# U* F5 b, \
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
: C9 q/ V5 w0 d! Q) Ibeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 A  z( `0 _5 l# Q6 ?- f
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the. r* ]9 j1 j. h8 ~1 q; D
laboratory to obtain the test.: D) n$ ~3 ?- z2 s* ^" t! @
Discussion
+ `. r- L  @3 N% I- R/ kPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
' }& p" X+ F7 Z/ I9 isexual development before 9 years of age.1,4# P& r* |+ Q( p  C
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ K/ T- x" @: Fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-( X# v  i1 y: F+ J. t3 G; d
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
/ |8 k; ], H2 n- I1 g7 W  Hmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 }) }* v" z5 Q9 S" t* m) ^may have a central nervous system lesion that is
/ k" g5 n! B2 Y/ _; m- zresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 {( Q) Y, d8 ^9 F
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
3 D% Z, w% G& u/ u/ Lsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 E2 f" y6 J# C  s3 ?/ s) Jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
  A# B; V8 J! O& ]& W# t- e4 J- zization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: J4 I$ `5 i0 m
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by4 z& `$ l+ \) Q* r# F. B7 \
gonadotropins.1,32 z3 x7 w2 t. s$ [: x$ x; i7 L
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 t0 W* M% F1 W0 o0 Y. u/ j5 T
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate  ^( A5 P! x; \5 _
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 I9 J; J, M6 @* P5 b; k$ L
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" J& T0 b% ^0 N4 b* k3 R' l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
5 }6 C! X: I  P) g4 Y5 [* ?; ?  Econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
+ t' b6 c8 e( ^7 tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
9 e. z+ v3 ]3 H. G; y% K# Epuberty in boys.3,49 I: n3 H1 u% A& n/ m1 ?8 ?0 J: D3 ^3 n
The most common form of congenital adrenal; x& i) m& M0 X8 R8 U4 J9 W$ Z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
$ v7 F# W+ c& V6 s7 m2 p& GThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) o, ~  y1 K* ~1 H& g- v# q
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
8 {/ I% ^  O5 n+ i9 Z! ]( d9 oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 V0 E5 c/ u, e! _+ X+ ^1 Fexcess.1,3# j! C9 Z- k. R/ T" r" _5 z. c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& i' @" a4 S( @2 s. p% |4 K+ ~: E542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 M4 r8 O/ v# Q3 j" FA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ \( w- }( l( R5 f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known- l: A9 f* U9 L! d0 U- E/ P
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 d" _. l7 Z0 @( y3 k5 w6 }very young age. The physical findings in these boys$ g3 N9 ?+ F+ K3 q# d, |6 s2 a
with this disorder are full pubertal development,+ i$ |( m, z9 M8 l: S  C
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ G8 g5 A3 ?1 K' A0 O4 A: _  iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. o& q" S. W  N# N  y1 t6 sare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
9 K7 A; s  e- J, k9 s1 z% D# {pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 J0 W3 w9 s* k# rreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' `9 u6 t7 h% v# ]& U' b  Z- pautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( p- B* `, _8 ]2 mmales; therefore, other male members of the family. x4 N7 G3 f( U
may have similar precocious puberty.3+ D; Y$ t% v! t* r* s
In our patient, physical examination was incon-6 W" `$ d) ~. ?) x0 g
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( \  e0 ^/ e& u& ]' ]cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& t% `9 Z0 |5 N: N$ @# Z
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
. n' C2 \5 e7 u) U1 wstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
5 |" W1 r4 q# s: c4 @testicular enlargement is not that evident in the6 ^/ @- Y3 k8 f# x
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! W5 y' J+ p) Q" f3 Q+ A* b
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ ]  a# y& E, `1 a* n- h5 J
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. w3 c3 Y% v: peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# B1 i  w9 u+ n; ^2 [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' e0 C9 T+ f: i& w/ V8 ping the normal level of adrenal steroids.5 i5 C- c+ g; q( d) {: z4 g
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 S* _2 c' L: E. C6 Rsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
4 K+ l" u7 n- n3 }+ k5 A& zthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-. s( J7 ~+ e% A4 u! _% @
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- V, v% ^! \! T1 K( @! e2 pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-) n0 Y! A0 j! H- }! A
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ a8 t  e+ |" x+ X8 E% wusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’. Y& ~6 r% w. \* \  g/ v
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or; {4 s3 s7 `6 L# s9 [
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to: {' N/ v: C$ u0 G
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) ^+ x# \" J% s3 o* K) lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
8 y& a* p8 r0 l" Q, K5 Ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to
' `3 [/ H! v5 _3 A. ?, Peven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; l7 C, b) |, V5 m
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
3 V' y. T3 y8 V, `5 q3 @6 etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented./ t2 |. [. y% e8 F# ^8 n+ Q$ ]$ R
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
7 B/ A9 _# c2 S& D- J8 a$ J* ?- mwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
7 K5 P9 d+ u5 J# M+ {# Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-8 U- h4 n/ `5 Y( Q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( h0 ^) W& G( Cactive in young children exposed to testosterone/ @8 m, z- D9 s
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-  s% N- K9 ?7 Z; [' \8 O$ w+ _
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to5 G6 I7 V5 K+ Q! x, C) U% I& W
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( ?0 X9 W! K. o2 \! w5 G: L' Achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and/ x, \( `6 c3 J8 }' d7 N% F% c8 {* \( B
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.- y- l, G/ s5 G$ X
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 n  B- x6 S5 G2 E$ Q  U
early childhood on pubertal development and final
6 a& M" M+ N! F3 d7 U. P: M" Gadult height are not fully known and always remain6 R, ^8 D7 Z$ H& q0 Z. j; q
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
! o( T" s+ j( x, |terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* b7 Y/ L, k, M5 X
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. x; m' b1 |& B8 J- N5 M3 Y2 o: ^
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
+ _+ S4 N" E: E6 Gdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,96 R2 b& N1 i+ z" f; |
There are conflicting reports and controversy/ \* E, q( L2 ~' ~4 Y2 Y; Q$ M
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% b" B7 u% F8 c& X5 K* ?+ K
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 |+ L! A. N, N( z8 P
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. n: u. @; l% S$ Z( I
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,) t. \' i9 }; ?" k* ?
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( s/ H- Y- ^' T4 H1 i
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. j5 g. |$ o: t' `& dpenile length in clinical studies.* H* d* T: h: H4 X
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
6 r* \- F7 D0 Ogoing to experience any of the untoward effects from/ G! B5 L0 ^0 i  [  P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
( `- R4 O' r+ ^& B" U, m2 @  e; Gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 Q1 m4 g( U7 }
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
- B& l: L2 k8 W% R: qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 t0 _; v) B+ G0 }' X% B# Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 G; q: I" t* q) @8 o+ d% oheight will not be affected.
3 t/ k( n8 I+ V. ], m1 jAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-; F" R& k( e$ n  |( p: ~; O
ability of androgen products in our society may: _5 U' C2 x1 R3 I6 b
indeed cause more virilization in male or female% E$ q# `1 n% i: c/ \- x4 H/ Q; I
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-% b6 ]/ Q# n% o& e8 y( x
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
/ ?# J. t* X; ktioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 h. i: u6 [' D6 S2 o3 v
gel should be asked of the family members during
3 G5 p2 _7 D, }& P# xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
( m2 {& G: g* hilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! L3 O! K. s0 e, w& a/ Enosis can be established by just a few tests and by
# {% ]& j7 H5 Nappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a8 |2 `9 k' v/ n) }) T' d
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may( U& e6 Y8 h$ w) w6 H3 o) z
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 P, o' A5 @1 y( |$ Yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be7 c4 U( ~5 k! x' k+ L
aware of this fact, because most of these children
7 S' y# y1 y+ l9 z# a* smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’2 w& O: N8 Z9 \( l" j) D9 [
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& Z2 n9 ^8 C! u! u+ t8 ]6 Kwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! D0 K8 W9 }% _% m5 R, Sfemale child who might come in contact with some-0 O, v+ p8 N8 h( j* E! z
one using any of these products.
& o1 X% ?3 o  r( ^% I% TReferences
- F7 n- y8 ~* _1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation0 w3 b. Q3 S: H* b" N
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ s8 N/ H1 ^% e4 y2 xEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
+ Z% _( ?# V) U2002: 565-628.7 H8 K! ]0 @, Y7 W$ x  d
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  I. t1 P; G$ I$ Lpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old0 G* u7 h  [# I! Z- A9 j" _$ Y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 {5 F% P5 {/ K7 ~7 OExposure to Testosterone2 N& {1 q3 x9 h9 O, w
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" z# L3 F4 x  |and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 Q1 y; f5 w( c0 |! ~. ZClinical Pediatrics" \- M: r4 E, y# d( O* ]
Volume 46 Number 6* [8 [) ?2 T& T4 D; L  Z% D
July 2007 540-543% r$ R) X8 p5 ]% n
© 2007 Sage Publications; V0 E2 O2 h& \
10.1177/0009922806296651
, T( t0 G2 P7 G* Fhttp://clp.sagepub.com
9 ?" t. @2 M/ ?hosted at
5 D4 s1 ~  P; P; v- Q$ Rhttp://online.sagepub.com
5 O/ t0 e" F* x; p/ p9 UPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,. p/ l5 {6 b7 R/ w
is a significant concern for physicians. Central/ `  [7 j8 a! }6 q* \! I: e
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated" u; v2 S" S* F" C
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has; M" n; C& K- D$ N1 k$ J
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system, X$ e, T/ J0 C9 U" a) z1 w
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* H. |0 ]5 I+ Y* ]
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic8 a) Z# N* m& t9 a, o6 t
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- y- H0 X6 o: i3 r1 T
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 ?& {: p9 y- ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
1 u0 p* N: g' v, Q; R( e3 e! henlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-% a* V! @4 y7 Z& O% h
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due% t$ q* F! p4 @: ^" i6 }
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by. c$ D7 V& ~# R6 w2 n2 {& a% z% o7 W
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-  g3 C; r( v7 |% q( B- e
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
1 q8 H" {) s0 ^9 e) T4 S. Ochild. Given the widespread and easy availability of* G( A8 H3 ]/ t; }& n' {" _; z
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! o1 Z! V1 t  p7 f) gbly more common than the rare case report in the
4 L$ a6 X& H  l) B1 [: Wliterature.4; m4 C9 n2 S) Y- D4 K6 v2 x, u$ n' T
Patient Report
; Y2 u, W- |1 B$ Q1 c  nA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 m4 q, l( y: D4 @6 hendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern5 p& W5 G- b8 k4 P8 I
of early sexual development. His mother noticed) b2 W' [: m" j2 H
light colored pubic hair development when he was
+ ~9 `' W7 C# R: Y- |- p+ i' ^From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of% d$ h$ F& A8 G0 H; ^9 N& [! d
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
  f, V' A) @7 eAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' j" U5 H. B/ r$ K) G# b
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of" g0 {2 H, ~3 m% r
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;5 ]# j) ~" V4 E* g2 B7 M
e-mail: [email protected].
: n/ {1 U! `1 [6 C" V% Labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 a) l2 @- f. |- e& z9 M- Zdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-  m% T% g5 F8 z; j
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child% O* ?6 \4 `  Q/ ^5 P, ?
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 `9 o9 p$ Z$ `. ?& j- [( da birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of# D! m8 _; S+ u+ B& x+ o7 X
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
. c! u4 M5 N! i4 rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) \& B* R  H" G& H& |  z" {2 E# k8 ysolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
, b3 L  Q- O, g/ t& ^1 ~. Xand his psychosocial and psychomotor development% c8 P, V& C) h) @; h6 ]6 _0 @
was age appropriate.
7 X; `5 a1 \3 A1 \! jThe family history was remarkable for the father,( o$ Q3 B. C( \- T  X1 e
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ S; C3 m: b4 I, o( K
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s  F$ w* Q: c- F: k! |# O! h
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* s  J. @. t: V7 x! ?3 X8 m
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
7 Y* q8 k+ q0 AThe father denied taking any other medication. The
6 L. a/ D0 c) ^child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 W; }+ [2 Y' B; |# Wwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
3 K8 E5 e( F- G5 H/ Y- k5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
4 A7 U2 P8 R2 A* Lcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 ~/ P: B0 W, ^/ Ytives. There were no siblings.& X" G) Z5 U1 \2 m$ e
Physical Examination
4 C% e7 a. i7 @( I5 `The physical examination revealed a very active,
/ l8 s+ F- u2 F' H  m) `playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 C2 ~- z- U2 r: wa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was8 \4 _9 N* V# S! W6 f' \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. P" {/ C0 G" K2 `& z, }(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! [& k; R" L4 ^& |
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of) m/ A/ h% z* k  `
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.  z1 k6 \% `  @; U* j2 q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ x: F; P" J5 K, B4 _0 q, ?
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& v0 ~0 d. s3 ]) U8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 e9 v. N  ?. z: _& O3 v" m$ w! F
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, }7 v8 y# p. ^540
$ a, q& F) o, g0 }/ Z: Bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 G3 E) J$ z2 L' m1 Y
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. |7 Q: ]+ w+ e% p. o* a  Y( ztesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.! y0 A2 ^, N: b* C" F; e; p& Y
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat- m" f  |1 F5 D( ]
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 ^# j/ e/ F% s6 G1 m, vabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
4 M& F+ X+ P4 V' |, I' A- ]Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( p; c3 }: U9 ^' Mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
/ l2 o8 n( v% Q& Gof papilledema.
# }) A: _8 R4 i$ ULaboratory Evaluation( C" N9 P! p6 C1 y/ w
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by( a! Z& }6 `2 ]3 ^
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 y0 N9 ~) m$ E+ f8 v  ^
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal; Z  ]4 v' e7 j' w% N
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; u, H% L# i, k/ Q$ ]
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
- G6 u# R9 `+ S5 P& F- C& y( H0 Q, Alating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
! O4 t! Q& C% O4 Z1 H8 mThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ d/ d# ~  _) `6 r7 I3 \urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 `0 t( Y+ G  }' c; X. ~
within normal range for his age. The concentration
% M" {) [3 o, S$ a7 i( iof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL; e# h. Y# n' v% u( u4 r. T
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, c" _8 B. n2 p5 u9 ?! ]$ s7 J8 a
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 ^' m- p1 A# j1 F  p- z' ^
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),6 }- T. M4 W5 {! V. q+ z9 n& U
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
) ]" F4 O; q( y6 a49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) T7 w( S7 k! ]3 Q- b4 {5 Kwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. H, _% v. {5 O4 p/ ~9 L5 X' y
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total, \5 h& |$ V3 L! c% W. f+ R
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
% `1 r& \# L/ q6 I  {8 O3 O# B, gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  O  F; \9 `) [' j
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 F4 F. I7 \3 Y0 P
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 G3 R4 c+ h/ ?( V" F& w! c. u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
# ]! R$ s& b: n  y5 {(prepubertal).
! l5 W& K0 W+ |/ W$ @2 vThe parents were notified about the laboratory$ I8 w# R9 v  L3 d) b
results and were informed that all of the tests were" B( Y0 b( V$ N1 u7 B% e) q
normal except the testosterone level was high. The( f( q/ j2 c/ j( G( P& m0 i+ N
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to" z' ^0 i% N- ~0 [8 b* u. S
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" E" `, k& [9 o7 n3 yever, the family did not return for 4 months." N# @7 m- B8 R* O( W# B4 T) Y+ p; T) p
Physical examination at this time revealed that the6 ]* v' Y4 R3 L8 \" w1 _# j
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
$ B: ^( z- |/ ^2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
& \  l2 x: F. q7 Tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" o  ^" [$ F2 P# bpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at7 Z; g/ N9 [/ ^  Y) j7 ~
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
( H, u, _) C. ]$ o. I- U- j' NmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. h  S6 B& Y* z' r* p& }The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-! ]! g/ d9 I% Y0 R4 Z0 a
ing frequent erections.8 ]* W! h4 L% m$ H
Both parents were again questioned about use of
# p/ ~& ?% F% F  k) }any ointment/creams that they may have applied to5 {8 L+ G0 e" S& e# D% t
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the. ?1 z( l! d5 ^2 B& o. u* M
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5417 P# I  m* p1 N& S
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 G9 h1 P7 L0 ^- v& k& Ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for; H! N9 D' U7 i$ I9 C' i. {6 \
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed* D( {+ q4 b* J5 h6 ]
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
& g' n2 S. O5 d3 v# ^* V) C2 U: G/ b( vscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
( O) P/ o8 r% [' S9 ysecondary to depression.
$ Y" E  `' l1 o  f7 d% v* B# GThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
! h5 v2 R. u4 G/ v' O- r8 Y5 NThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 f7 u/ \* \* p8 X" h; g$ t% O6 zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-' S  E7 G4 q7 K
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 }1 w: {& p6 J, ^
The father also admitted that after the phone call,# g% x# z2 i  F+ s8 t0 j. F
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" y! t+ T7 ~% e4 \8 E# \
was high, he then read the product information
% S7 R& [: t( {# {1 v* x9 S& spacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-- C% k# H4 ?! [8 v6 O. b, A
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
" n+ o# P4 f; h8 Y) mdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the7 n* l7 i0 Y8 \9 G
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had7 }# j% Q$ M2 m" x
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ Y1 x0 v5 Y* g6 U" Etest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 P# |* ~& y4 ^- k8 ~6 L/ H" Wlaboratory to obtain the test.
8 {' f: T* i. S) r0 \& R! _Discussion/ d5 l  }3 }$ |$ ?
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary5 c, U* `9 @$ R, K! v' i
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; Q( o! t; b  I2 }2 h/ fPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
4 E6 W5 i! t% Q0 K& R* O" rit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
4 ?7 }2 \. H' q" g4 T/ |thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
! p$ Q( Z& `+ x; q: kmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP- K0 ~' f7 X" z6 s; [$ ^
may have a central nervous system lesion that is- R3 @: [2 Q5 H% C% J) V
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
# w8 Z% u4 T/ [amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-( k4 Z, Q4 |9 V: ~
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 R3 j4 f; d7 R: W2 w
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& W; I) v, w0 w
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- y7 ~8 N% c% i# irical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by5 @; Z+ L" r6 C; ^
gonadotropins.1,3+ y4 O5 V0 ^3 p- f+ f6 X& \3 |7 y) d
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 x$ H7 Z" T, U1 z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: x; u( U2 V, ^6 O; J* w9 [  H( o, |4 landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
9 i0 X' R' K( y6 s- _exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 Z9 t+ h: ]8 T2 Y/ Julation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing2 T6 K' T4 Y/ t0 s7 S5 T5 e
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# q0 V/ ?0 ]+ R) P# k- G  w
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 Q# P. E' y% z- z* lpuberty in boys.3,40 G2 x# [1 Z( `" {9 i. M& E7 ~
The most common form of congenital adrenal  M' Z( W: \7 a0 u# `! Q9 X
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
& e% Z3 k7 @, \3 `3 U- B$ D, H. `The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in6 j, g& y; k# ]; z9 G' a8 V. i
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) s. U! E7 G9 L2 m; L- s3 man adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen2 h! O  V) Y4 H( P
excess.1,38 D1 h/ a; {8 l6 h; K0 A" c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 T8 ^9 Q: M6 J
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; B% g' A# l1 d9 m+ N5 K2 F
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-4 Y) s" n5 e- k8 I- x3 R
independent precocious puberty, which is also known* u/ v/ n/ W. v& z- a4 y  Q8 Q  K- z
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 x; X, i2 u5 D7 V5 _# B; Pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
' O  d4 @  q- |5 Y9 q& G7 }with this disorder are full pubertal development,3 E4 h* C( K  H* J$ G7 ~7 F
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
0 B8 R9 Z! R  A: ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder/ U+ V) A) t: \' u! T6 p6 H
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ D+ ~& S3 g2 w! T0 ~: d- d( b+ Epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ C- o2 W! t3 u: E% A
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 Y/ V' k. G3 P+ \/ r
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* }3 k' ]0 N2 ?% Y/ z2 a2 d6 Bmales; therefore, other male members of the family
0 Q' S2 g( T) z6 V0 ~6 B1 jmay have similar precocious puberty.3
9 g4 U- E/ K1 a. |In our patient, physical examination was incon-, e6 m' d! J- |  Q% k" s
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: t/ F4 W  J8 p/ X
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' O, D7 K: n8 [! kwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
( H' J# K8 Z9 |  E2 L8 istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
" o  }6 W# ]; d7 itesticular enlargement is not that evident in the5 g' r( ~+ k9 v
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 ~" B) |0 D0 @8 Y1 h: Q8 q9 y
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 `& ]1 I' G, x& A2 Y1 N
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
+ f* ~& \9 Z& h3 z, @either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* X8 ~* \& o% G6 ~/ I4 Y
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" k: L& z: A/ I& M. R- p" W
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.! w( h: u: i9 s2 b
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' `. h8 G& d3 Msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
4 D/ }- F: F8 L. j7 kthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-: |5 i  W5 d2 n  I
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 K: Q1 v5 r7 s( V! @: rdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
4 \% E& q- ~& w3 R! x8 T" |% a) |terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; R* M) E3 v" y7 `2 ~- g; k
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’. n( L4 _4 b) q$ Y. W1 p
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
, }& n* k3 t, ucream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to' m' V1 ~) F$ Q/ o$ `
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
7 I- p3 p& C4 j! eSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the7 K8 ~& K( J$ w# ?. |
baseline value in those females who were exposed to8 I) w8 I* X' w, `5 _: j7 P% I8 G5 K
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
3 {4 x9 |; J$ ]" Tpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! X* |4 S* Z6 W! G+ {/ Vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
) h- u) A5 r' ]- T% F& U" f" a5 hOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
+ B5 b5 H8 C% d6 q1 a7 kwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! G& \6 y5 ^- u# u0 K
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( L" E# U& V, a9 r7 J, Rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
0 x9 w& p, p" c3 u$ Xactive in young children exposed to testosterone7 ^* v4 i# l) _
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* {8 L0 d' F: L
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
) P. ]# J) R! [# tvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
: s. H8 a. M  rchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
9 S- E2 e7 N8 u. }, I4 f9 ]advanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ n* {/ _5 K: D" K7 o
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
; }. l0 t. J. [, k! U9 @early childhood on pubertal development and final! S9 m* w  _2 U$ S1 A: T) F/ [8 N
adult height are not fully known and always remain7 C  G+ u* `! R# `2 Z
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 i" J( [% G9 c) [/ P
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
  c) e  {) S( t) N# B4 ^  dacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after1 p% k: L1 e  t3 c
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation: n9 V0 I5 ], A- L: @6 A
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. g  ~5 l4 A/ I. J' }: ]' t) z
There are conflicting reports and controversy
) X( d0 C1 u5 S3 i) P" Wover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
: p8 p# z! M. j# D# T  M% I& o! xpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 N& Z; H% o' d5 iadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-% {/ u$ _) z5 Z5 e2 C9 W& `6 E6 N% h
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
6 I4 F9 O3 {+ |) sSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between# s1 \$ |7 o+ ~/ A0 ~
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) _* h( O* B& N5 d; p$ k7 Mpenile length in clinical studies.
) s" r5 _' K1 L, CNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is' T4 B, ^1 I3 `
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
- i7 Y& Y0 Q- vtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 [# Y3 F2 N. D+ Tthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& ^3 {6 b( k9 Z; ?5 z) Z' k- _& }
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of) ]3 I3 t. q& E, W
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
* I' n2 W+ n( @" x- f- t6 Y! Rthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
  z* J4 v5 U  ]. dheight will not be affected.5 ^! h$ h$ t0 h6 E
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-. p3 D* w# U2 B% Y) ~1 c
ability of androgen products in our society may
: u3 `6 o7 t9 P, g7 L2 ^; D, Zindeed cause more virilization in male or female
- ?4 b# _& _# l  m  |children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-# U9 r+ [, {& t/ K2 r& i
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 w/ o4 I) E6 x3 M9 ?tioning about the use of a testosterone product or4 Y5 M- J, J( {# S7 H. o% j
gel should be asked of the family members during7 f) ?$ c9 a5 X0 f. A( g  ~* I  s
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-: H) y+ y( k6 \) ]7 I  ?. p
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. I7 {$ [, r( Tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by: S% D2 v- A- U1 w; |
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a% K" H0 ~. A8 T1 s) S: F
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 ~) Q' b  a- b* ?* |! l
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
& V5 r( d" k& U2 U  R( F0 k9 A+ k" rinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
) Y0 L4 z  m5 @+ k( S8 `aware of this fact, because most of these children
4 @5 d, `( `3 K" \- ]may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
  L5 @' q, C$ |  nDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 b% n' h- }7 c, r/ A: xwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 ^; K& z. A/ o8 k* k
female child who might come in contact with some-6 {# {: y' p. R% i: M# _! s9 K
one using any of these products.
9 l6 M; w/ q5 D$ sReferences- C; U3 K7 L4 H1 f* H0 e/ B  M
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
, j* o/ e- O3 w, \) \( p; tand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric$ M3 l- x! \+ q" u7 k( X  u8 w
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  m, n# K! G* @1 Z& b
2002: 565-628.
' V# X- @( X6 A$ ]7 g- ~( [2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious+ S* l, h  u) M; |$ D: x! ~
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
0 m* t! a/ U! z7 o/ X
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表