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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
  }$ ?; v; t! J. {% TBoy Induced by Indirect Topical6 h1 {, ^2 z( c9 d5 ?* R
Exposure to Testosterone0 _# Q- W. E+ k
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 L" r7 C  S) _* X0 sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 ]& k) u) b* s2 T3 LClinical Pediatrics
5 A8 A- E' G; k7 t/ z' \. ~Volume 46 Number 6
" x, S# K' K5 D0 SJuly 2007 540-543
+ V" w& [" P- _' i  ^4 L' F2 u© 2007 Sage Publications
$ [6 X' a! _8 ]7 N$ Z, I9 Q+ V/ N10.1177/0009922806296651) H4 m- c0 b5 s/ K5 k
http://clp.sagepub.com
  n3 O  X4 l: o# w( d/ L# Rhosted at
4 g5 T5 E; e/ p5 A; ]http://online.sagepub.com9 p5 a9 A. p9 @( W/ \( L
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" s0 z! z: g2 D$ ^# S" x2 V7 Y" kis a significant concern for physicians. Central
2 F( }$ n9 B! K, b  Z. Q. Qprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
% ~, V7 ]$ `0 W* |% L1 G5 i5 B$ Tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
  l4 D( |5 e4 _  xa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  a6 A6 P. ^# ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 w% m' Y  `2 p: D
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic( q) v  u4 K$ W
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 d% s6 v8 v2 L! I: vcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We1 s: ]# d8 M$ |& r9 Y2 P
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the5 I4 h* ^8 {3 ]
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
# X. d8 }1 y  \& e( f. O; \+ C  Nment without testicular enlargement, which was due0 u( s1 i' L" n; f* O: w3 J3 b& [
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 q/ Y2 l- U2 D1 N! {the father. The family initially concealed this infor-8 j, t4 }9 \8 T6 `* G
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this1 q4 |7 g3 w2 t: Z
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of/ X8 |6 m6 d$ [' y
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 {8 j; o3 p/ e5 `! T# Tbly more common than the rare case report in the5 c& ~( ?+ |( N  e4 ?1 x
literature.4
* S* f7 t3 u/ F; l+ }. P$ JPatient Report4 N! c, ~7 n  b" O. v
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
( F9 B+ N& N4 h& s" pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 x- n$ Z$ M/ h% U1 ]of early sexual development. His mother noticed( y& U" v  q* C: T- e  h3 Y! {
light colored pubic hair development when he was: ?$ y. L; t2 d: W
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of5 T$ ]7 @3 n: W- O' m5 G
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! s4 X5 J. ~' H2 iAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- Z- i9 R: m. |. n8 Y" [3 d6 {9 PProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of4 u  c! d* o9 t& U# j& j
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 I* L( A+ w' T
e-mail: [email protected].
, i; R1 N  k* oabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became9 o" D7 _* M' \  ~7 L
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 D8 q+ M. G# ]ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child6 G' Q% g+ s& N2 I5 d0 X0 Z6 v
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
; R, r1 {# N$ W5 Sa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 E4 G! j- v, f: |' Y0 I20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* w% f+ ]' i4 Oof life and was still receiving breast milk along with% [$ Z7 ~6 c3 U9 P0 X0 Q
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,5 K( J& l- e- Z; C$ B5 t3 a; r
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
, l+ i- E1 C, ?% |9 v4 Y1 j$ Fwas age appropriate.2 J* ^* V+ _3 U6 b6 ~
The family history was remarkable for the father,) z. X7 o0 `8 R; A4 m8 c
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 Z, O1 G, R0 f9 `8 [& @: W
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s2 P3 L! t* b& z3 ?. M3 T
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 g* F) v3 u7 r* eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  p$ F# t2 i( V4 z  b: \1 AThe father denied taking any other medication. The
& p! a3 u+ y3 rchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
, V$ @# x" q; A3 i( E, K: \9 ~was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 v# i; I7 D' z( D+ _8 W* {
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
5 Q% J7 z& w2 K1 m- e2 d( S% Qcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-* o! B, A4 `3 F0 G# h; L
tives. There were no siblings.
" w% H+ y7 p# \2 o  o% B' ]Physical Examination1 |1 r6 s/ Y) Z1 q( |
The physical examination revealed a very active,. l$ l/ u8 D7 w: y% Z5 @, f* y/ _# {
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented1 g- F& a0 N" g0 |
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, B$ y8 m/ M; K0 v; K0 h
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg0 w5 y6 w# D: J3 y5 _" m
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
4 x' O2 }' r5 V$ b+ y. M! _velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* _4 r) h1 R5 T+ I, f2 y3 d8 j6 a) Othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% Q& [$ _& b* i- m, ?/ n- v
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for7 m: N6 q6 T. r* m4 G
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of' k/ S$ N0 @. B  t  S
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! U5 L& y" g" I5 W
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around0 O/ u: J( h3 z) h% c4 z% \
540( v- L. `8 R9 [6 x
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
  k' O+ D) V5 i3 xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The6 q; o# L  P  j4 U7 e4 Y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ d$ ^/ ^1 f8 X+ e) @" \The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
9 Q  m/ G# N4 W0 n1 X9 g' zoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
1 Z" l1 ~' T6 v% T- Z! s. Gabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ a3 x. a# ~6 r4 d3 z9 T
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& B. F- g% w$ Z) B% M* ^
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* k' G  Z+ n$ t/ ~  c! Vof papilledema.8 Y, ]7 |- N7 [! a" n: s
Laboratory Evaluation
) x; ~* n3 w/ \( dThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by9 }2 z0 |& v, w
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
" I! Z# `! G; ?8 I2 Wlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
/ t' Y0 ~  G+ p0 ]) O  E; _) bkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test# B& I4 Z" c( J0 u$ P2 B
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. N) ]0 P8 r( N
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
, u2 S2 v0 C$ t+ @# \* A$ |% wThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood7 C( g* }- i0 S
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
4 [! A* y) c( q6 e' O6 m& \, u; {within normal range for his age. The concentration: X4 p5 U( a- S# `" }) q
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% i9 n7 y8 v! s  R7 O3 U(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20" Q; `9 W5 y  ]: o
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) r& ]0 N! n% f
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),4 n; J6 a3 Y( k6 G  M7 A
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
+ V7 W, j) d' A" k" F  s8 B49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)/ c- V# w2 |& Q  e6 c( n1 W. R
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
" Y, Y! {2 f$ w8 o. btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* N* h* O: q' z2 B( l3 dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- m* p: {# A& g0 I2 k* Yand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than0 p, M1 {& `& n0 _6 ~) e4 b1 ^. L
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
5 z7 G" B+ z, o' v+ n: R" ~stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
- I$ R- i9 ~4 V& k' ?concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
( @. }) f& K& f4 W(prepubertal).
- l) f1 d% _( T# ?7 {2 X9 k5 zThe parents were notified about the laboratory
5 d" f8 D- a- D; c" `results and were informed that all of the tests were4 ]5 h. n2 Z; k7 V8 _+ Y; z3 I
normal except the testosterone level was high. The9 p+ c4 h4 C" k
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
$ x6 l& d  N$ n* x& Y: u, Yobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-1 E0 m1 c( y$ L0 e/ Z0 U
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
# C2 L. J* G# F; lPhysical examination at this time revealed that the- L# S" O6 r$ @& X; d
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained/ V0 T5 m4 w! [- S6 i5 v& v+ w
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! L4 Q6 I4 u# Z# |' @. ?! i5 s' [
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-' q# C- z, T) n& y
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at- X0 w! c" ?: w
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( u0 e  c4 v% J$ b) Z% A; i' ?
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
9 `7 f; A5 i/ k/ W/ ~- G; JThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
: ]+ T+ d( O* T, v# cing frequent erections.
& U6 M8 j4 w0 M9 aBoth parents were again questioned about use of$ X3 i6 i, w6 B& P5 g4 m0 j  V
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to& y( n; A/ N2 J! Q
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) Q9 ?* F8 F( X0 K, M; lTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, R/ L- S3 O. U! E  u4 N( E
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& m6 X0 [* K7 @' }$ x: i+ ^
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for0 N- |9 ^; |5 W% e
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
6 Z: o& Z# i) Z* t7 i) A$ Y: wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
* P( B6 V+ }* i" d/ ^scribed by his family physician for decreased libido% S3 @4 |9 _6 W4 ~
secondary to depression.0 D% `% s/ B) A; O8 F( m9 F
The child slept in the same bed with parents.) F4 o7 g- R2 \) c7 G6 D
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 o& C) C: u3 Z( Lchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 q3 P$ B5 _% h2 O4 _- z
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' r" u: Q( y1 J& {. z, H- G5 nThe father also admitted that after the phone call,% o* u9 g7 a$ z: |# x! n
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
! r3 V* T8 u" w, P& r* |$ \" Mwas high, he then read the product information
4 p% J7 ^( H% }packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ j* f  ~( W5 I+ H4 K$ b1 u
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they- Y0 |6 a2 S  \3 f
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the2 E$ Z. ~/ q1 Q5 U. [1 h" o
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had5 C$ i3 ?% E: w7 A" l$ q1 [5 X3 B
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone) Z8 Q, v' l. ]# S; D$ ~2 R9 P- r
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
2 D' r% Z# u+ M, Rlaboratory to obtain the test.
7 {% G( k( |5 l0 X* R, EDiscussion
  Q  R- Y  N+ K+ T3 q0 B9 xPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary  B4 p+ F4 m' a& _1 [
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! u3 I/ J& Y; M- v) g; y" LPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 B# r! H5 Z" C2 _1 j; git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 H0 E" E1 a$ h; z5 uthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
- r/ B* @7 b, H. k, o. {9 Pmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
' t2 F  g0 s6 F! imay have a central nervous system lesion that is
% g5 z5 f" c% \+ j, N& hresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* Z& w! b: t5 b
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ u" F/ m' r: ^) B
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
2 [/ m4 R( }6 J" O2 fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
  v/ ^8 w# r/ kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, ]( ]+ I  K5 T+ k+ Y/ p7 K
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* B6 U5 b( @/ ^$ o: l9 R9 I6 Zgonadotropins.1,3! u7 v$ b0 Y# m* p! r( {
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
" a/ m( L8 m5 v- Y. }+ }cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) q- ?: q% Y$ E. w; q! `) {
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* C( j' k- X9 |- c' U* Rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
, _4 U/ i9 @+ T& z9 Q, N4 {! p6 Nulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
9 F% u  G. J, x, u( j7 C5 t0 R* ]congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- B; K4 v! o2 V" n! N! F
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 L; R% S- w, J. m9 O& Z& Lpuberty in boys.3,4+ F4 }+ m; B8 l, w3 N9 G
The most common form of congenital adrenal
2 t1 d: K% d. Y7 Y: Thyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.. s2 ?8 i* I( F$ z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in" s( ]4 j; ]- k! B. T; A7 `
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 g/ S7 `6 ^" F  }an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
- c- g! Z9 g! r& [* _. h# C' f$ Wexcess.1,3+ R. ~% @- X! C
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 b9 g, `( e- O8 Z1 K( a9 L542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' d6 h; o2 B% k
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
. c8 N9 R* O* A) h* Eindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 |7 z, _6 \) _% ?as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
% H/ D$ m& O7 m" ?+ I- |+ K$ W. M% Fvery young age. The physical findings in these boys. \) `' d  U% l2 W4 x2 Z/ j4 }. I
with this disorder are full pubertal development,3 m$ @$ C+ D# ?# U9 J
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
& C  N+ n1 f* y  D4 \! c  Z9 Y$ Y' e) b$ gwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
8 U( ?6 i. u- l& ^- Jare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
. ^! U3 f) w- j& [# |pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' r+ t7 C* i% \& ^2 `releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ G5 S8 @' d. h6 b4 `
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only, {3 _3 E$ W! |
males; therefore, other male members of the family2 i  r, u0 x8 ~9 B; b/ g, i1 c
may have similar precocious puberty.3
) _. D0 x* q3 Y# M8 c% aIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
8 n/ \8 V% V" K# N0 _$ W* u0 ssistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
1 j( ]2 U9 g# b* ^5 a9 q! Scles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis! x# z1 V5 z) p/ m! _
was in the differential diagnosis because his father1 c" W" [8 \9 N& i" [
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,. I( ]' l" b+ |
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
* u! c' i; T4 g, D  Sbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-* ^. n8 |  I# p; O: _* v2 f8 O# ?
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our: _" q8 n$ D4 K$ X# w" V2 ?
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
5 W5 j5 c2 n' }4 O% ~- f, x4 Weither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
/ x/ b# u" g# B5 E4 Odeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
  G9 u% S, g9 g; k! Ping the normal level of adrenal steroids.
. m( n$ N! o3 t) XThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly$ |8 K! g6 ?7 ~  K4 Z* R  E# ~
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because/ U7 J5 S2 r* ]; P) m& i( T
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-6 B; g8 x0 k( S1 C
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ O" C! A* f0 r( T; |: Odecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
; j- w7 J" p$ n2 M* V$ X9 }- |: oterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was6 R5 z% p6 |8 z4 A" E  [7 K
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( |' U# N# s, d# T, Z  v
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or1 Y, }3 X: T2 G8 j+ O( C/ Q1 ~
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 E5 |" A  P# D
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.( B  Y( v" r3 T
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. o7 U, ^; N- D
baseline value in those females who were exposed to& g  [+ k  V+ d% q: K9 ?7 X& H
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
6 C  M$ K# F8 G3 U* `partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-3 N& n3 `& H! j  X( R( p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 r; D1 L! A- p1 y& @Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
  \8 m0 L, p  a$ d2 }  h4 zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
' b+ \) p5 N: Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
" e  W# h4 L9 }& C2 ~terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 ^* k3 G; l$ H$ f) m, Y- \6 G8 m. Ractive in young children exposed to testosterone( j2 a- C& q" X% d$ Z% a$ g0 q
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 _' L3 x- F! k+ S5 Zdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to4 j+ E9 s/ V, P! T9 g
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ e# _" u: b) J8 I! Y! Schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and  {7 \' d  p+ A- {# f- g% w' x
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.1 G# v8 S1 l- M# S$ B9 ?
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during5 d# t* @, z9 |* a4 C. l
early childhood on pubertal development and final
4 a3 l; d( B* hadult height are not fully known and always remain/ A2 K1 e' Z4 m/ ?
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! N2 F; a* A  T' _5 U
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some5 K; U# n- V! N: Z0 Q) C) c
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after7 L$ }# J/ p  @
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! b# o* Z4 O2 ~# ]9 }( Zdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
  I" F0 [+ `$ X9 ?" Z- H2 mThere are conflicting reports and controversy0 K1 Z$ J  n( s$ ~
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult8 C% U' `8 q9 m+ C& c8 J
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 x  ]3 V8 C9 zadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 R" {* W7 m) l8 V  A/ Z5 V
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,4 ?; V% u: B, A; X
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between# V+ v( G- L) I
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
' ]4 E* R, \3 G& ^' i* i7 }7 {$ npenile length in clinical studies.
' q% t7 D* [5 O, ~9 @Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) O% D- b" R# X# {% z! Mgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
6 ^+ s. U, z  Q5 L+ Ptestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- R  n! A: W- y9 x  c, I( A8 P4 I5 kthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
( G9 i; O% `" O, T- d: iAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of3 r. E* S! Z& P( R4 E2 r# @2 G+ S1 l
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' y& i/ v# d+ b) {( K- ~/ f+ w7 Ythe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; K; J: H5 ?1 T% hheight will not be affected.
& e( D+ q/ X* U) f5 MAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
2 n- r! d- L6 [! B6 ]3 aability of androgen products in our society may
. }2 ]6 `# U8 M+ Vindeed cause more virilization in male or female
% K# X7 A8 [/ E8 kchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
" A: x$ |' |. @6 E/ x" G7 |( Qgen products must be considered and specific ques-
, K/ K' b8 c, K4 C7 I2 ztioning about the use of a testosterone product or* P+ X4 D+ C8 @* a: P/ y/ Q
gel should be asked of the family members during2 J' j( u& B- w: j
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-* U+ x* \) q6 b: d2 t  g! @! g4 M
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. I0 c( f6 S5 }4 qnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
. A6 H: y' h7 m- y/ y9 p- {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& ~3 G' a0 G/ b: _. rhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& g+ q7 Q! W, r$ A! Y$ H0 N! _
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
6 f9 Q; c' r. _5 Y1 o! Minvestigation. The primary care physician should be
# i, I2 |( u6 E$ r5 x  Zaware of this fact, because most of these children
; t; |; Z  M3 Y" fmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’) G" a. f2 b# u$ W3 U9 g- ~
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
; {  q9 P* F, |, A: k# L- lwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 Q$ U' B( P( |4 B  v8 p+ @female child who might come in contact with some-+ f# s3 {/ n) B4 i) d* h% \8 m& n6 r: J% |
one using any of these products.3 J: [5 E9 P$ \9 D7 O
References, |$ y- t/ l! Y  {6 S
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 X# i9 L$ ?2 Uand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 A$ g  D6 U+ E
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
9 v4 E0 |" |" P( T* |2002: 565-628.
1 S0 E& n' b/ f/ e& L: h# i2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 k9 S% F1 T: A" L1 Vpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 F8 [1 P4 K& o/ b' P; S8 j
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical4 ]) j% ^+ h, _. `* z$ T9 z* W: l
Exposure to Testosterone! ]* [) v4 B% q+ \  J
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2( Q, n7 w- O) i8 O
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
( ^! G+ Q+ E; T& ]7 `Clinical Pediatrics3 s- Z; c5 m- i( T9 `) b% T; o' D
Volume 46 Number 6
( X% @1 |* i, P: g7 I  @4 s5 e& aJuly 2007 540-543# _8 K' p$ G, j0 q2 Z; m
© 2007 Sage Publications9 O( L; F$ F, s
10.1177/00099228062966513 W! g) [) P! u/ j( A
http://clp.sagepub.com
" {" `/ T% m1 w/ r! o8 w: n" Q) Qhosted at8 P% ~5 w. s( J9 R
http://online.sagepub.com/ c6 r9 T' s: ?" K, J9 u2 l8 q
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 M1 `# h/ y( \is a significant concern for physicians. Central! h& H! X4 u7 f* X
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 X7 ?. m+ M8 Mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! S$ a3 N! u  F
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
% z2 s2 \/ z/ llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: Q2 r2 u3 C; pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" G4 c/ ~7 J& _4 s* yhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* z; i0 W- C' J! ]
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We* h7 Z% G* a3 t% B; `8 e8 Q
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the+ G2 I5 ]0 D& c/ D! f
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
7 v% I+ l. ]* ^" d" yment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ w8 h6 b. b9 G+ m8 Uto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
( Z+ M0 m1 t" W( ^! s7 J5 |the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; _4 W  Y4 D% c, `' Lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this: @5 S  ]! C2 O2 q2 j7 H
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of" S% U; e1 C  F( _+ g3 \, T. O2 i! ~) W
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
, n+ S( V) r" n8 X- Z; h! mbly more common than the rare case report in the5 |, B2 E/ S- r2 F
literature.4
$ i( L' Z/ Z5 v: w4 F- R5 Q- XPatient Report* I; v2 j# j$ g3 T/ c7 ^1 V
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the2 M8 H( x+ f' Q6 Q. S3 w9 E/ @  a. J
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern6 R2 ^/ B$ j: h4 G+ Y. `1 U
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
" u1 h; j9 Y- i- zlight colored pubic hair development when he was
: G0 z, i+ N% \1 `/ eFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of' c2 g" O/ C( A# O2 E- i
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.' B5 ?  C5 F8 }# E1 }) g
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
' z# }$ [0 }' \3 I$ h( S3 O- MProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
: ?+ P! P8 I5 Q( G; o7 r: D9 ]Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) l/ N* s; \' O; V. M0 \9 a# g
e-mail: [email protected].0 [3 N* f* N% B' `7 c
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
  b+ T0 H# s8 Ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
  i7 K; T) ]5 O% P8 [ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ |/ @% N/ `& C/ ^( E  e, \  p+ Xwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 m/ t2 a  ?, M- e, k
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of( G/ Z3 S/ x6 k6 r* ?( Z2 d% r
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 D1 Y2 f1 S2 Y9 T: G
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with: s4 \( P$ L/ L/ X* [9 [
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery," x" p* ~& s2 i
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
) m0 O8 H6 _+ h5 a) _was age appropriate.7 r& X3 W6 i5 b! V8 X2 f( n
The family history was remarkable for the father,
- F$ I) i- M7 W% q+ |who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
9 P( _$ \2 e3 V( m: twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
$ o$ M6 t6 w2 r1 f* i% hheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
# v+ v% J9 L. A) ]early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.% v, h0 ^# X5 X' q# f; t
The father denied taking any other medication. The9 Y3 T1 o* O" n# a" `: Z
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% d/ m6 h7 N6 owas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
7 F- P& G* z3 `4 c3 X! d5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-( p1 ~9 A3 ^# ?$ r7 z
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ w3 p, b) v, Htives. There were no siblings.
; s/ [  x8 o, @7 J) S' e8 wPhysical Examination
& G  B0 M: Q1 Y/ _; d1 E2 t/ A4 FThe physical examination revealed a very active,) h7 x- b% l1 y4 K: {
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented+ B* N/ ~- t& I# o7 _, B0 S
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was' r  P+ F1 T8 m
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
1 c; y* C. e! m: l( g(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 Y: b' [3 x( }velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of9 x: b) |% d( `' G
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ L5 ~+ t, [, F# W
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" H4 P! R9 o2 _2 \4 v5 H& `0 D! zenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
9 w7 ]$ C* u/ }- }8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well- W/ V% o7 A1 f3 Y* U3 P6 k
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& g' m! W+ o2 L; O1 e1 L
540# @) n8 b8 t1 D+ g5 A! s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* U7 I1 r# f* a- C; T5 cthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
8 j8 g+ x4 N. B1 q3 rtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
. E4 j; g0 Q9 P* X  G/ U& {+ EThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. e  q3 D) W& M6 Ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" G0 ?" s2 H7 t! X" F0 Babnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
+ e- P- \, U  T, u  BNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; s1 M6 s$ _' c( a& x6 X
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion0 U  r* k  h7 s
of papilledema.; ^) Z) a# w8 v8 w
Laboratory Evaluation
2 z; E9 _, K; u  P! F7 BThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ G7 ?* u& i1 X' q4 @using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
# R. M% N" p6 S. V! {' z" Wlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
- O& K  x+ T+ e3 z/ y2 Bkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* Z: {! L5 M" ?9 T* ]2 n8 d
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-+ `* ~& K' k/ T. p
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
, F$ d8 ^% \# \& UThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 s# I$ D& p, j
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were( I7 @8 V, L! C* w
within normal range for his age. The concentration; w1 P/ v! A. B" A5 x. N
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: ]) A& _0 O. w(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: A5 E1 i& [1 H
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! f3 V8 \, E3 Pterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL)," n5 @6 `, g, |2 |; @4 u4 j2 E
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 k! u3 }9 H$ Z& f% m9 M49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" r6 y: U5 Q" G" Dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 _1 D7 w9 l) M1 w# q6 Qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total* s# e+ Y% u* F# e3 ?
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),' ^9 {( \( `$ {  {
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
6 x' p8 x) V( }7 a! ]5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular$ g# p" n* {" ^/ {; B# [- i0 e
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 |) d- X( Y4 Mconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" I$ u# t1 n0 I7 n0 l+ T
(prepubertal).& |& q8 G, H% P6 h, L$ E0 Q7 g
The parents were notified about the laboratory2 ~* \8 F/ n1 e; _% e
results and were informed that all of the tests were
! F% x  o8 B% u" X9 P% Rnormal except the testosterone level was high. The7 ]! A( a, I, q' a9 q
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to" ]: H' c* h: z- b1 [% i, Z; A
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
8 q0 a' m& C! [. u7 uever, the family did not return for 4 months.
1 ~, A; p, t" H8 oPhysical examination at this time revealed that the' h, u' Q4 c4 ]6 ^5 _9 Q+ p. l& e
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 L  B& H5 m" L7 Z( o6 y2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
' s1 @  j. h" l9 h( T! o3 ]unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ p9 o2 `5 ]2 b- [; x
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at! D0 z2 {9 x: V! H3 G
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
: s0 i( i/ Y, E6 ~# UmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
; [9 c2 p. k8 XThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-+ z7 K0 ~! Q+ q" x
ing frequent erections.
4 z6 |) V* g9 O5 F+ [# _5 d/ cBoth parents were again questioned about use of
6 k# ]* m2 F; z  D9 Oany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
' ?& i4 R9 P. i7 U3 lthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
8 I. D' u0 J6 _" d0 h2 gTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541* X: U4 `5 Y8 _
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 I0 ^6 ?& z7 R, _$ g( _4 Ling over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
! u* a+ ]1 L2 \9 B$ i% [1 ?a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 |9 a) ~* b/ |# |/ s# L2 Z
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! t; }. X0 D/ d
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 y1 N3 k- W- Q
secondary to depression.
+ h9 W( t/ }$ G1 ^" i8 e: hThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
% r: Y+ v# S* Z. ]0 M* }8 xThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his# O  c9 T- P8 Y# s5 u3 e& |
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 P$ j& @1 w, Vnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.; E' b- s, D7 p  t. ~
The father also admitted that after the phone call,/ W* ?* N' a% E$ W2 S% U5 j# S
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby) p5 T! D7 H& ?8 g# t  L0 \9 m
was high, he then read the product information
# {" m% s8 A' W8 S2 apacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. i4 d5 V3 k7 z7 g! Json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they" I( `+ \% X: F9 _2 a
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the% |4 l7 k: }. ~" F5 F, a
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had% ~. ^/ o# [7 O! i5 m, X
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
- V% X( b. S# w4 ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the( C; {' b+ f* X/ _( Z  i0 L' \
laboratory to obtain the test.
5 g( Z7 v2 p& cDiscussion. A3 }) K; [7 b, l* E
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) ?+ z3 A- B/ r
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4+ J. G8 {9 U6 H+ f& N; T% A+ t
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 R2 M6 O9 O, ~2 h9 n# P$ B0 v! c
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 c1 a. |4 u0 O" S& S8 x
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 C- w* }& f, k; p: S' Jmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP0 L8 n8 `9 \: ]+ H( s2 D/ f* H) N
may have a central nervous system lesion that is- h9 ], r6 S5 {- d8 K- O1 }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 ^( w( E& e: G8 `+ |amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
; D2 t7 Z+ e4 Y# W6 n& Esis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% G& i0 h# l$ Dboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 m& i) F  K, h" f) c% _; R
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 k% M0 ]' Q1 |1 v4 ]* v
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by- u' P1 y& a& {( S* z- Z, |8 M
gonadotropins.1,3
$ a0 `& W2 {% q, p2 jGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, ]0 E. V* [0 m/ `1 Xcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ a/ \" ]' \! S9 aandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or+ [+ `9 S6 z5 {) x
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-  `, n) H4 @: H" K
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- n! O9 m9 c8 ]  f" w7 Zcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
$ _6 S1 s! y  Madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
; ~+ g( G) v2 y! a. ppuberty in boys.3,4' c  u/ Z6 F$ y
The most common form of congenital adrenal$ h, D( ]# o# o- X
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. {3 I" W0 f2 \The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in' b7 _  V9 t8 _) O) x# q
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. h/ s$ [- a6 @8 d5 M
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen. o* C" z1 x& }0 o5 f' }
excess.1,3
& w* }4 S9 q" p( d8 F. U2 Q- K6 Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ `( e( K6 ]2 K; x6 j% O
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
6 N2 P. F- r# fA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 S+ G% I0 l- s8 \& b
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
4 l2 R9 x5 ^$ kas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, X! a/ D- f. s6 _# A/ }, L- Jvery young age. The physical findings in these boys0 c8 u5 f, V' V% p. v9 B
with this disorder are full pubertal development,+ k' I% ~5 w& u' h8 c) f0 D0 r" d5 _
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys% t6 a: |1 W3 o& r, t& u5 c
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ l( r7 B9 X" sare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show" M6 c5 G& y5 f. \$ O; K
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
; `- w# @7 f) S& Rreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
6 [2 O: V$ H8 v1 W7 F9 A9 kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
$ j; `' z3 u( R/ Amales; therefore, other male members of the family: U- o- w4 n7 ~# K% K3 m# X, u$ U
may have similar precocious puberty.3, a$ m7 O, B% w8 [, ~1 y
In our patient, physical examination was incon-$ g+ i5 q1 ]" \& z' o3 l7 `
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( g" I  Y8 R9 V
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis1 @& C/ y* ^8 q' q; p, D# u
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 A3 l6 g5 f- c- [- G% Sstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 _( I1 r( W8 N* k+ C6 h. ftesticular enlargement is not that evident in the. g  a4 D1 Q+ M& Q& p0 E* k: o
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
3 t  W& [: q, Mative initial history of androgen exposure, our
7 P1 M: @" E( z0 e; ~6 ?biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
4 H- h) p( L# O, ?, s% Geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& W% t+ ^0 [2 K, q4 p& k6 mdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-1 }) |7 ^/ v5 a1 G# G1 ]8 d/ r, [0 X
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( \2 Q, H/ Y; |9 O5 [/ L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% q# O3 b5 R' `8 y& C, f- e
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
/ E( |7 D& Q0 ~& B0 w$ dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-9 r( y( m2 r0 o; e2 n% B
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
0 T: I; j! x1 r) o% Wdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-+ p0 p" P0 ~, ]( T$ B7 R
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 G/ D' e+ v8 G; k. b: }using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’8 D- ~& m* p! J  m
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
+ [6 \8 ^0 B" o; j' Ucream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
. x/ |. T6 ~* i. j* t+ l3 ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.4 H( T" I* f8 h; O
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the  x4 g$ G3 s/ A  U
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 b+ @1 v  I& ieven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
* i- E$ \( j  G2 W( t& xpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-5 a4 c; x  b1 P# Q/ G$ `- V8 L6 X
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.5 M* H. p3 q; K) {3 ~8 A% r5 v. o
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, k5 t! E1 R% f/ p
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ T! R  a# Y2 R! P; h  y2 v
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* y! ~4 Z* l4 [  N
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more, ]) r& @6 W7 L% E2 F8 Y) h7 P6 t
active in young children exposed to testosterone1 |8 t" r5 E. s1 h
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
7 ^7 e# A" T1 M! Adrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 C7 \7 u* t9 S; b4 `, a1 g% Bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 V& H+ a8 M. ^- _- ]  ~) xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
, }8 m) k7 j9 w2 Z/ H, X5 U- g; t" |advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 p8 Z; G( w! t$ \3 ~" uThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 @% M6 D6 q6 Bearly childhood on pubertal development and final9 s8 [, t7 L, J7 z) B6 R+ r
adult height are not fully known and always remain% v1 Z+ p. z' ~8 y! k) f6 x
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: A8 r. h+ X' v6 n- Sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
) ^) |6 w; }5 C( w* F7 jacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" f7 x! w! o/ e: Pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
+ H0 U* m  {$ x/ E$ f/ Cdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,97 Y  t9 G9 Q5 c7 j2 y; O- S. }5 T. A
There are conflicting reports and controversy
# Q! Z3 Q* R; M* bover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult" ~) ^* y8 ^1 G* ~; ]2 l  y6 |
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal: o) c8 \9 E0 p# ?$ \0 m# V
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-( X) l! Z, K9 Q% p" f7 |9 D( l
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,8 o6 j4 t0 G# p0 P
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between& C& S$ \( r' }; D$ W
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult& ^0 m/ ]: i) F. |
penile length in clinical studies.( E5 g+ ^. e& l& i  m  u+ w6 p
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
  D! Y0 P/ i8 h! Z( |8 e4 _" Sgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from& I5 _& H, S8 h0 v" Z
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ I5 ~3 @4 k( D' a8 ~7 T! ^the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
, h, b8 S. a& x+ jAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of* Z1 N- r) H# D
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" ~6 t) R, y! m4 g  o, Othe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult" B5 K6 q6 i' C" {6 d( z+ E
height will not be affected.
+ O& a  K0 q! h: p4 y. K3 ^" uAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( b) \; r7 }2 b! p( iability of androgen products in our society may
) N+ H- r6 i$ H0 ]9 g! Tindeed cause more virilization in male or female& n8 j4 w& t. j3 E/ o# G" K4 a9 w
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 t3 |; S4 N& G  u
gen products must be considered and specific ques-) b/ N. K" X# L/ L4 t. V
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or( a- X- K1 y9 M7 @
gel should be asked of the family members during
6 p& X3 p( g9 u0 t0 bthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
  Z# j* x' Y$ i8 y$ H; B* ]& Milization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-. s. z" O6 y9 [% \- v, O7 ^
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by( t% K' K4 e9 [
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
( f3 h& [2 E$ y# d) xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may( \+ \' y" f/ `* r9 p; ]
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive+ M. K+ ~  }7 G; U$ M
investigation. The primary care physician should be
  O2 b: q! ?: e6 ~8 Daware of this fact, because most of these children
' q! z* Q9 Q- ?# ~may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
% {7 U& T" f7 g+ ~Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ _& V: [( L# gwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
- S0 V* _* w* c4 K( nfemale child who might come in contact with some-# ~6 U4 ~! k0 }& U4 ^/ j8 H
one using any of these products.
0 o' M; o+ ?/ O% j+ F. p  D1 l4 Z4 _References1 C7 S" e& g& T) e$ O' Q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 |8 A% t8 L, @4 ]and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
/ W4 D/ j1 N8 u% T+ w0 q' B9 b: XEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* u$ O) f- x5 G. d& _4 [9 s; J# N2002: 565-628.
8 |- L- E0 U( n* n' b# E2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
9 H9 M5 t5 Q% J+ Npuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
& B/ }/ v+ r; ^0 g8 d9 r5 f' y
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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