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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old  V% n! Z" T: C1 ]! P9 C3 |& \& q
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical: s7 a$ {, d4 B& B! T0 n+ P% ?, _6 P
Exposure to Testosterone
' b! g5 o& y" ?8 \* g7 ySamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 r0 a5 c# D& f# f' vand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
, o- o  o% ~$ }1 YClinical Pediatrics
3 i  n# s- C7 n- A* I) H9 h; U; NVolume 46 Number 6
* Z  I8 J- e& \# c7 SJuly 2007 540-543
0 m2 d) r' h2 w2 ^5 X+ b  J4 _© 2007 Sage Publications
* T5 {' ~& ~9 `' J10.1177/0009922806296651
% Z" H: m+ o; e4 T5 H, G9 d% Xhttp://clp.sagepub.com! \& n4 a$ f( L4 K' w2 m
hosted at
4 P- c% g% M% w: i; b; f$ Yhttp://online.sagepub.com- H  t/ `8 m7 }! ~% d. \
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
$ Y, \' ^5 U- g% M2 r& g8 vis a significant concern for physicians. Central
, b' J* n' v' S: ~* Jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated8 q0 l5 E. ^5 f
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ k* p6 H% K+ V4 I( ^: j. N
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system0 w& f* O: v3 A1 U( ]# ?( c! F5 j
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 C" o2 r: B; V  {% H  Y7 @- j
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
  U8 T7 D9 s+ ]4 `$ F) E; M4 Y* xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-0 i! B2 r5 H$ j* w" u( b  N
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% F( ~* N4 P! K% A8 _/ R
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; ^  I& e, J1 g; \$ ?, F! Xenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- B% S& E0 V, R. Y0 |! z& [) U
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due; n: D# |$ ^$ p, D- X- `1 y
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
" s0 Z! J# o. @1 _* F" Lthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 @( s5 G+ `$ k" a4 e# hmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this: K. ]2 b- q' ?/ e3 X) u( V" ]
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 R& ~" N0 w  V2 e& Gtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 A( X" ]* t3 O1 G# J( E
bly more common than the rare case report in the
6 y8 i4 h. N$ ?0 n6 |. d1 H- h- pliterature.4
) B; X% }" H* X/ _7 zPatient Report
( s7 f  U* G; c- a. ]% c7 CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
! e; f7 a) S" B; Pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' a. R  X  v2 e" z
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ P- g) _5 d8 m( t) R3 _3 J, [light colored pubic hair development when he was4 ?* w. m- c% C  `" g/ k$ |1 L
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of4 b+ t0 g# J1 b% M* ~
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.$ e8 e& H  I- a. m- P4 A! @  F
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
) r4 K2 ^& u8 D% T5 d. nProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! _' O! g1 g3 y0 f9 k9 p" x# fMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;! `* n* s, Z1 f+ W# G
e-mail: [email protected].
3 v+ ?4 j, W6 `( B# L! Uabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 n, U! S& B# V. t$ Q* h6 v% |darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-% _! I0 e  ~# {
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( A5 e: h6 q$ J' Z3 C
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with4 Q4 t' D5 g: m! u% S- Q# E
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
1 @- m2 }7 G! u+ ^$ s. F, j20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year* V5 [) a- u' c& C( B! ^( a
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
; A, b' ]/ C* m3 H% Msolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- U* Q- @4 P1 |. Fand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
& |1 o- Q- b! T/ x0 g$ _3 [was age appropriate.. S  B* A+ K3 W6 U- u# x( Q
The family history was remarkable for the father,1 m, m9 b, r% R# Q1 e8 \% r
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' S* M* C" {4 g3 q
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% A  q) M! x5 A
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ ~5 m: b( U4 X6 ~early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, x3 T8 K& R- k( c6 E' l+ {2 `7 MThe father denied taking any other medication. The
8 G8 E; n0 r$ e) e2 Q( Q7 }child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ N, c0 V3 }2 _: c2 a
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& ?; n+ z. U0 j# G5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
! ?6 [$ i' s* Lcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 `7 j0 b+ P+ ntives. There were no siblings.% n  C9 t, x% h4 Y& I2 s
Physical Examination; |$ X* u7 k- i0 H; `; y: h
The physical examination revealed a very active,& J6 c, @1 @7 H% D3 I+ R8 W7 E
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented2 k, C- F9 g2 V! ]0 M
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
* t4 v4 @# v) f2 W2 u1 F' H90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 l% o0 x4 k$ }; p) K9 ?3 {(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 a# f0 g( l" W, Y5 c  g- f
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# z# L0 |0 ]' U5 fthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! N! Q* n8 @! @& s, G+ CThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 }2 t6 W. b9 f8 zenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
# n; r, j5 Q0 a0 Q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ Y: X; O0 q, ?1 B* O
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. w9 W8 ]& s5 p, m, F540* b& Z" C. E9 b, V7 i9 W
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# s: }+ \' @. F% ?/ L) T- y; j
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
1 z9 l& z) M% o- C. {testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! \0 A0 \/ Y& I# M, F1 f9 g- pThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) n( W  n, x8 T- Q
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ }# \# ]4 z( k) ^0 Mabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ j4 F0 ?9 N7 s" [
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+- J$ o. z9 A; C/ i( p8 Z
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
9 m: j' p/ N0 tof papilledema.3 U& w7 f+ b3 }9 p3 u) ~
Laboratory Evaluation8 X+ J' r5 K4 X  H) C2 H
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ h2 W5 Y( G, C% z! ausing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-: O8 ]- M& m8 e
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal" o7 {+ L2 u5 a
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
& f: V7 F" W% }1 U4 e7 j; f/ p, ]showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 J2 w: l4 N, K8 O; {lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( ^& M/ L( m! |& p1 Z- ^9 d9 [% G
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  O3 z2 F& a, _) G1 nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% S9 F$ Z; Q$ X) M3 g- r2 K
within normal range for his age. The concentration
- Y  @) B5 p4 B0 q$ ^4 I6 A9 b7 Wof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: a2 b0 T, d5 \3 x- ^6 B/ ]: _(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
1 \' A, N- o3 i7 o9 L, [* n& O  ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' v' b! I' }7 |; j; c) |" B, @
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 t+ R9 P( Y3 _8 K$ ]0 ]. [7 C, ]desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ Z: _/ g: c6 r$ S6 M
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 y) T3 C, \& [) s$ Dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-2 v  x0 g7 [: U) a
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. ?, \3 J2 F3 s) C" m! x- G
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),' t" v  f3 f' i: c# |
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 e. A2 x* ^; n& J( B5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
; q4 J, ?% o( p1 Z3 \4 r0 m7 {stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
# p0 i1 S- j- S  @0 V! h7 R- R% cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
- q! C. W  R7 P+ S/ S3 C(prepubertal).
$ b" M. {' x) M0 q* U6 E+ A0 rThe parents were notified about the laboratory
7 }! H( _( K: s% X. `results and were informed that all of the tests were4 {5 l. z  ^" r# P
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
+ c! t, q1 h3 Ifollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to3 b. J6 c, G3 E& F1 A% ]. a8 n
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, X/ ]3 U) T9 O* eever, the family did not return for 4 months./ {' g5 |  _1 P& L8 y$ v
Physical examination at this time revealed that the2 }' f$ f% y* _$ I, e
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained7 E0 k5 w/ b5 d; e7 x8 U
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. z" w# b! N' o1 Y- \8 ~% p& ]7 Bunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
2 Q8 k6 o" g8 ?( b1 {0 |* M8 {2 fpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 ]4 @% ^+ M1 e$ V- b
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
7 W! J1 K! m9 G% U( J$ w; B( F2 omL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
, i+ n) F% K  T. {The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-* x2 A% L# l9 a5 {9 W2 o
ing frequent erections.
6 m+ u" P* v/ @8 F4 CBoth parents were again questioned about use of* j, J+ R: o) X3 h4 Z: W( T& m
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 b( ~, ~8 |! @7 N: N
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' J" d: G2 Q( k: a
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 ^5 b: v+ G- ]1 Xuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& ?. u1 F6 G7 r7 h* D/ F
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 R* `0 o# ~. ~& Ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 s- a# O# C3 D1 j: W* bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
, j/ ?7 h' B9 Z0 [0 t0 O. H, Iscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 r" V4 u# H0 i5 [& o6 Z8 _secondary to depression.' M8 `5 a, t; n' q( }: D) [
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
  B1 v9 [4 D" f# y3 J9 tThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
, @0 J0 Q5 v) a2 p7 E" Nchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
7 {- |# i3 n1 C* T; y9 h; ?nificant bare skin contact between baby and father." j  F: D7 p% p
The father also admitted that after the phone call,/ e* D2 u9 o- E; Y( Y5 m/ r) o
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby0 \0 u2 }( t5 \/ ~  l# n$ ^" ^4 r
was high, he then read the product information
* f! H+ z' H% i- S  i! D; a9 ~! Vpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! b; R  d" G3 P- @/ F- ~son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they# ^6 I: [1 [" y; A. }
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
0 d6 E+ L6 Q/ k! `; n, W8 afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
, @. l/ M! [9 K: Kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone  c) Y+ Z; ~# |
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the- M+ \- D  z' v/ V7 v
laboratory to obtain the test.
! e4 s& o, c6 F! \Discussion
& \: O; i+ ^6 U. P! hPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary* p/ r& e, s  j! Q7 g/ u* f! z1 ~$ A( Y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 X: ]& w; ~* d. O1 x! d3 z$ NPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# B) u. q0 a" T& t' U; h) i
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-) i4 f+ M9 H! }7 t3 z
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) I: d% \$ p$ H* [. I2 W+ l4 k2 Omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 f* t$ e4 M+ c" z
may have a central nervous system lesion that is5 Y9 f" q1 n' ~+ I2 C2 @: I5 ]
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
+ j! k! V! g- }1 P& d5 L" lamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-, x1 {6 X. i7 [! c4 a& ~" G( q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in) M: F# b! W' |  s
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-; {5 b3 _- {9 T% M
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
5 E4 y" l8 D( ^. _$ {( [' Frical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: {/ i( G( X; r  Y
gonadotropins.1,3
* Y3 L% E% P9 h2 D& g+ n* y0 YGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 H% c- |+ N; F' ?! D
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate* ^! W& t2 ~5 K9 W5 o/ R  t8 o) v4 F6 r
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or+ C& c; X9 i& Q- y
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-! X- O6 T7 }% p  C
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
9 t7 B8 O9 F  _) t1 y+ X4 u/ v" _* dcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
: J  X: o. m, Z( u" q( N. Aadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious$ x) E7 Q, D2 J9 B8 R
puberty in boys.3,46 ~3 Y3 e" w4 ^* Q
The most common form of congenital adrenal; `& U6 U9 [# T! W0 u- E  p
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 h5 S- x0 v5 J. A' a
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 L  s& f! b( k# [9 L8 {4 @excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,% a% M5 e( n7 Y3 d4 Z
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) F- f8 f1 P1 _; Q
excess.1,3- S$ _% X" c& [5 {' q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 J- S9 _2 d: A$ Z
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 i( f6 u* M+ Z* U0 p8 o$ dA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
. H. ^5 {+ N0 ?2 k6 c" A6 _independent precocious puberty, which is also known
6 H) Q; _' J' }/ u2 T  R: cas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* `" C3 |5 N3 M" N9 f# Uvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
& N; c" Y$ F: |with this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 Z' `/ U8 T" c$ I% Y7 tincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 E0 U# z7 x% |5 @& E) U* x
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder1 m7 k- D) w: `" V2 |% |) A5 Z0 X$ c+ E
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show0 q+ `) W  ^+ n: R5 _
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
# @. V6 ]9 c" m4 rreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ @2 y4 L1 F2 y' A6 _( u  nautosomal dominant disorder that affects only, Q* d4 R1 t5 C# U
males; therefore, other male members of the family2 s8 a# b2 l: M& [
may have similar precocious puberty.3
, {5 n/ u( T0 n0 D% tIn our patient, physical examination was incon-3 S) {& m; u  e* J8 T) p% [5 r3 t
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
6 }, n. O7 N( ~1 P) ]cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis" |; r; R  y% U/ l8 K0 x, N
was in the differential diagnosis because his father( i" ~+ x1 m& i5 m
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
6 X, b0 n, Z' F( \$ ^* \' I3 |- Y2 _; Utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the% J% K( ^% x0 g/ M
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
, H* ~0 ?8 i9 l: O: z0 `ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& r; m9 U5 V  m. a" x. {biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& K) _9 b7 \% _either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( ]  q9 p/ u/ d% Ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-' A: i* A( g" ~2 l9 Z; d& `
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 y3 |5 W; F" @+ z7 `; f4 N% KThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly0 ]) ~* }1 ^" _: {* g3 N
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
4 z8 }0 o6 Y3 Y- e2 Nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
+ t( g2 u1 s1 g# [( E, k) Z! spearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and; \3 e7 ^( _, I
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
0 @, i+ g. R4 A* K, K" }terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
; e! q# K3 B- d' k4 u* @$ cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ d$ ?: J8 F$ a( l* E( A
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* ^2 _4 ?) Y$ Z+ fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to2 [2 w0 `( d  {$ D$ U' U% K" a8 P
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: ^  x5 Y5 n% q/ h# j6 @Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% {' |9 q, @! u, p& z$ u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to/ Y9 e" D! \7 t4 A/ c
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male& }& x& o8 p! p1 D0 x
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! @' m8 Q8 O  W, Q3 \9 h! M+ b' t  A
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ i5 j1 J" Q3 {& ZOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,' ~% L# Z' q$ w2 H* S* T; S& \9 x
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" w; i* R+ }  J) V- y. R# w
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: T: k6 h: m2 v
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
  [, [+ a2 h4 o% h- {; k' Yactive in young children exposed to testosterone
2 H3 J4 |* P& Y: Yexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
1 n9 b; _" j( f8 P* wdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to- ~$ D- B5 k$ v+ X: w9 e
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 V. t3 ?0 n* k& z7 z6 ]
children results in an increase in growth velocity and" r" {( J, Z$ g
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.9 h) }& R4 B6 I
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ Y' M6 k+ e( p  \4 N
early childhood on pubertal development and final
$ o$ |. Y( |" }6 {adult height are not fully known and always remain
8 X! z" T$ B% ^# d* sa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-) G2 X0 B+ |  `) ]7 [+ O: y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
5 Y! X: M( Y. |. \1 ~acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
/ O: C: d3 N7 xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation; L7 c) {0 K  C4 N  R- b
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& C: ]/ B- j8 A& y# ^9 W0 t4 ^
There are conflicting reports and controversy# [1 i( Y& ?% I  V
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( q: `/ m1 Z/ W# z; S( r* N
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
& V; I5 i& y% ]  N, C: `. V1 qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
1 ^6 z  W! F9 G! Z: {  e; |ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ w8 d' E! `$ G: H3 u0 nSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between9 ]& W9 F' X0 U( W1 Y6 f
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
7 t5 o/ c, }( L& z, |# d4 tpenile length in clinical studies.+ U( T" }0 p9 U0 q8 N- g
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is; J. v: e: M/ e. V" S- x
going to experience any of the untoward effects from2 d8 I# W! K8 J1 c
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* N- I9 j9 L- V/ w! k
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
0 Z" Z* h3 t% Q- r" _Although the bone age was advanced at the time of4 X# f; Q& ]' I) b+ Z$ L
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ \5 y  ?8 v/ F7 y$ }( O0 h. C6 _the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult; z5 x0 l" A1 K- m- f6 u
height will not be affected.
/ T9 Y7 M0 x5 p9 RAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 e8 q8 {3 ^' ]: H$ k! r; G' u
ability of androgen products in our society may
" I3 U; i$ {' R( y+ ?& vindeed cause more virilization in male or female+ x8 @/ V% A/ L  P" f
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
" I+ Q; j4 @% W; Wgen products must be considered and specific ques-
: @% }! J2 ^. s: i1 R% ?. ?tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
  ~1 J% ~3 b, N/ B) h0 Pgel should be asked of the family members during
2 ^4 {; ~" J: k! C7 qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-& a  v+ Q! m( l0 u& [
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' ~+ x3 f$ A0 R+ f/ K
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by4 x" X* L" G7 [3 c' d8 e
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
# S% j4 a. N. p2 r0 xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 W9 R# v5 s; u9 V* d$ w7 W
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive3 d, F  d# a9 s  N- J
investigation. The primary care physician should be
5 k: z5 k1 D5 F% S$ W: ~/ v; i# J! waware of this fact, because most of these children
% [/ |# p# N8 d9 s$ M/ E- wmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ a% a. r; D: ~" A
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a: n$ @: g5 s$ y( [" @/ K7 _
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! ?1 }0 ?2 Z5 l+ D- U) ?female child who might come in contact with some-
# W  ^1 c3 V+ ]( T4 \one using any of these products.2 O8 y) n" N4 [$ B' ?/ w* u
References
* p1 T1 ^( b0 z. u6 @1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 O" r) c1 H6 F( u9 aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
& F4 A- c" _4 S9 Y0 \- T9 ^Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
! ~) m. H, U$ s, |2002: 565-628.& k" S- j+ g& t. p' O( ?3 V& \
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious9 b% r: V9 X9 F  O( D* D" [$ O
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! c( H1 q4 s+ Q7 ~( HBoy Induced by Indirect Topical; g1 A' C$ \" w) O1 m/ j' f
Exposure to Testosterone
$ [  ~) K$ h: n, D% _Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' ^! T/ r+ o. [- Sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
: n5 X# n- d$ k/ C7 }7 L2 VClinical Pediatrics' o' q1 V/ j  a: }( A, `
Volume 46 Number 6
, \6 m# ~* M$ y9 k. q. S: _July 2007 540-543
! C* |$ O( p" }) [© 2007 Sage Publications/ A+ X& W% i( M7 }9 d* |
10.1177/0009922806296651
) Y* c6 @8 ~# f" a' ?+ Jhttp://clp.sagepub.com- l4 R; L( u. j2 H7 |* ~7 Y; |# w
hosted at. T# M7 m! ~3 M$ c( h
http://online.sagepub.com
4 p: F0 O+ Y0 s* A  L( y* FPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
$ G. n) P* p# Q! ais a significant concern for physicians. Central/ Q1 X5 S# u' E) W7 y5 L+ d7 k3 h! B
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 w5 F" T1 [, D" \through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 I; X- t' s3 g6 U& G5 \4 aa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
# r% x6 O$ }( p5 a4 alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 T6 ~9 f# F+ z( ]: ]' Sby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
; _) D% p5 H5 X' ^hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-3 V+ J% f" N6 A1 i9 F6 c6 w* ^
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 D/ n8 N) }, [, zreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( x6 P) ], X3 i& \1 t$ Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 _9 p0 C6 O# D4 V
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due  B+ ]" O) I% e. _, w, r! O: S! g
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ ~- G- M( R" @2 J7 ?. d
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 @# b5 t* p# }* g0 ^) e( Wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& n9 w  P4 t- r) ^0 a3 Q- v9 X& Y( ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. R6 \) \0 u$ z8 C' Btestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
" O) B, ~' I, D& \. x: Gbly more common than the rare case report in the2 }) q4 F2 I$ }5 W0 N- f! B
literature.4
: ?, N4 Q; _3 gPatient Report
' k$ |* x% l8 k  F! c( |A 16-month-old white child was referred to the% I/ }; ~1 U0 q( m) @" g
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" u- _3 q" A) h- |# n' Vof early sexual development. His mother noticed
8 d* m9 h) U! k0 J% x& Alight colored pubic hair development when he was$ k* z( b3 v3 l1 {) E8 T3 A
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
8 l; j6 D) a" F& L* O6 ^* g7 hSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* k; h- ]2 T% ]' T- d% OAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  A) x7 x" d- a$ tProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' _3 B% c( N* p' x$ N6 b6 U
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: k+ w7 E) v* `- M, ]e-mail: [email protected].' q# l% P- X2 j2 h) f. K  x" X
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
/ b# I" e6 k* O9 J  fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
  [$ z. r- N1 f" n4 o: l: Gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
/ X0 a9 B+ i  `4 @* t. u* T' Ewas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. }& v: k$ A% P+ W$ z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: [$ Z  n1 ]- B+ E% L
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 Y; @% i6 \% ^3 l( ?% d
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
$ m/ S* o  G! o+ lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 W: x" u6 ]: m' f9 b; @7 Z) ~8 z. gand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
  |* s1 W3 i; z6 @- O  `: T3 F6 qwas age appropriate.
2 z/ |2 `1 s$ a( S: @# dThe family history was remarkable for the father,
- \7 ^" a5 |# Pwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ E2 h0 U! p3 X; {
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 p% r% d, J( H: {; }) c% k
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat. w3 ^1 `1 b6 ^  |/ F
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' Z2 u" u* \2 j9 `" e2 A) @
The father denied taking any other medication. The& ^/ ^# w9 }: y8 M+ c0 d
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
! m' D' j. t1 u9 X% A' `" @6 swas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
- q. d2 N/ J% ?. [( g+ v1 b( ]' H5 N5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
, Q- I5 r9 p- A2 ~  Kcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 O! R6 v" t) [2 I& x) t# rtives. There were no siblings.1 ]4 x& x6 O9 ~/ o+ L; L8 p9 P1 T
Physical Examination. U/ O' F' R5 E1 L) u0 x& l* b( A
The physical examination revealed a very active,: \* h0 H/ b' [4 U
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented% S$ ^7 b; O, B* x1 s( h6 B& a6 m) X
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 M1 j" {! g/ u90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg& s9 D& C& t& M# p5 `7 N
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
* K& q& {# d4 z5 Jvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
5 W, q+ @6 e( d/ h7 A# U9 u/ z; `the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
8 B; C" H( ~2 l, {The genitourinary examination was remarkable for4 }) _4 L, b8 Z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# @; o7 x. V0 S9 H; U; z/ z& l7 h
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
! U( B4 `; }) A/ F8 edeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ X7 |" U) I' b
540. p1 Y; ~2 h# Z" O! [3 X
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ ~" Q. F6 K: e& X
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The* `- e- V# g: J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
" X# f( v8 o, y3 b0 I! ?6 \* ^The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% O+ g7 b8 g: W9 v
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 e, n$ ~6 j# k, e# k0 Iabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ G6 p: g; X$ q. i+ \% qNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
: Z3 W: T5 d- U# i& \! T, j0 }bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion  I# U/ x& w! O/ c7 @& v. k
of papilledema.# {/ [( S  u8 d  B! z( r
Laboratory Evaluation
/ F* h  U3 `4 m- r. }3 Y' JThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by0 b) Z8 {( M9 ]3 ^4 {! F# B
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-1 o. H, o5 S9 m1 g$ W+ f
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, \% X# r, U/ K8 T' W  Ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" Z) O1 U: U5 _4 n+ s; O% E' @+ M
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
2 A0 I$ @7 F" D" }% j8 |2 ^lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* X- J+ n# E' E  C9 D; `, T* i
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! s3 x& G# T9 X% N
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were( L& c& G+ k2 q8 e: u3 Q
within normal range for his age. The concentration
1 w6 C' q; U3 @. sof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 t; E$ L% m: I3 N* ?3 w  E  g$ F(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 b1 |* h, P' ?' H( V$ Tng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 H! G/ C  C& }2 w5 w6 y( k# S
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),# C2 R5 B3 w( X' i9 t0 u4 K
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# D3 S( b0 T( _3 u1 v' A49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- o1 P; n" y) b0 F/ h/ p
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( L3 [" w' N9 U2 Ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
. E& H3 v  |3 ~# K+ wtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
  Z3 \. r$ G3 i8 f1 p5 U! Z' x9 Vand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than" J- s6 B3 g. o) ^( M
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 h) E. U' q! g( s
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' ^/ P$ D. Y8 f+ _/ W  ]' Q
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 t$ v+ j4 J- h$ f(prepubertal).* r; v+ H5 }9 H% ~0 m
The parents were notified about the laboratory
; G. Y! p( ?( |( W% K5 Dresults and were informed that all of the tests were: B4 H; K3 L% F
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
1 w7 K0 C& k# D" kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: W+ ?* O: y2 t+ J* C8 ?; [
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
8 G! `5 ^3 _3 F/ w, D) Y+ ~ever, the family did not return for 4 months.& z1 {* @% j* j7 |! l
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( K" f! B' b! B( p  a! g. C
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
- m0 V) ?8 C  o- [: ]2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 W, G, e" J7 \6 D  T
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ Q0 K$ B$ |/ b, [pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at0 Q* X+ C2 l! i) Z( h
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
+ U3 i' y2 e$ ^5 ?4 Z  V0 V) `mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 q7 J# A  k8 g
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( o$ ~1 A$ A9 N5 M9 L& m% X: W
ing frequent erections.
9 P1 |  [- A$ I0 T8 t' Z/ a6 P6 lBoth parents were again questioned about use of# R, ]/ k! S& `4 P
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
  {9 f3 ~9 q1 w5 h+ N6 R9 I; ~! pthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, i  i- O' k( aTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# k; X( d+ F6 r& m! Zuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 K+ W' ?# E- {  n+ E% B
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
& }5 [/ O, z1 f3 o' `# \. Z- Q3 @3 a( Ka year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. W* B: \5 S3 z6 F" [to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-2 `/ h" W4 U7 d) o( y
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido' a9 [0 a! D+ Z' X
secondary to depression.
  l' n0 [& D; TThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
& v. o9 V% W& x9 C, dThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
" K$ d, O. e" K9 L2 ~% uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# k7 u# \$ S7 J
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. O- U7 u) M+ P) x% J7 p/ g( l  C5 AThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
& q; J. \# h8 h! |8 z. P4 Ewhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby8 d( D7 m* L, @
was high, he then read the product information
; t4 n4 R2 j* T- J* lpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-# J* ~, ^. q2 D* Y4 w* z9 c1 m
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
% A3 z# ?, X3 w- W: I' mdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the7 l* g! r+ ]( ]3 U
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had. |3 X9 ]7 t* ]1 S5 E. `1 t
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone( W$ @6 R  O; Q6 R0 _$ k8 T; g0 C0 T
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the9 i5 ^2 _9 K! B
laboratory to obtain the test.
( R1 y" m. r( i1 hDiscussion4 C5 z# G& R9 B$ G3 ~
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
+ \. X' Q8 x3 K5 X( Esexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( [7 s5 w. c: |# M4 d1 G; v0 b; G6 n
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when$ ~5 s' R! n! g9 a$ S: {
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; r4 }* N4 e' p& G* Hthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, {0 u- P$ F. g( F! G! u/ Imon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: U& \5 R$ c5 N6 i
may have a central nervous system lesion that is( q' V& v. P% [2 s; d
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-# p6 L! i5 @3 S
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
" T& i" M. V! n* _7 z3 ^* Msis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 J* G& x8 g" d0 g: ]% n
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" N! ]' D) X! y4 H0 h3 ~' Iization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-% E1 `3 ~0 D5 N1 T9 ]
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
+ M/ S/ n4 ?5 L: G3 u& Wgonadotropins.1,33 }0 p- _& z& u( H
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-8 Y7 s2 x; `" k- A' k5 n
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate% ~; W% @3 S5 c1 U" f
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
, a' v0 Y4 C+ I; Z" Z: I3 g- U2 xexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-6 r" p8 d, e3 p8 T
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing' S+ Q; q) K- `
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" @5 t: m5 n) p6 W! }" U
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious( {$ z2 |! s, J3 o7 U& s0 }
puberty in boys.3,44 F) }* F8 L# q0 k0 _0 g- f5 ~
The most common form of congenital adrenal
+ T1 I, p, E- B5 G/ {+ I/ B$ Ohyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.! G1 @: ?: [2 ?# o. V6 D2 \1 }
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" v. H' V* v; e) v3 D8 ~& Jexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,1 ]3 h4 K$ n0 s, E  X
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 m% p5 I! n, _  V0 Y) L, ?! q) c
excess.1,3; y- J. C4 d( D( o" P
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
0 g, Z- D2 t7 Q4 O, V' E! f  E, e542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" Z4 @/ i, J+ a6 @6 U  HA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) [+ @# w" q6 C- r3 u+ c
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 U% V! J: p9 p3 M+ t' D6 Fas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a4 I" f) J* N) s; O. i$ N
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
9 U1 u( z3 h3 K" [8 K4 kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
. r& S( H; w% P6 h) wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
/ K3 y; O7 M5 j4 A$ H0 Zwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder$ X5 D2 `7 z/ ?% w, z7 R+ y( }
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 j! |& v6 s! V, z9 D6 u" spubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' [/ q8 T7 }  g: o: ~releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% q6 F. m. C7 s8 Qautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" g9 c: k% l! P" g* hmales; therefore, other male members of the family
* w  I( H5 p* u4 Q0 f; D% `may have similar precocious puberty.3
% m$ L$ |! M; _/ P& Z5 ~In our patient, physical examination was incon-
2 E" ]3 r# z4 Q! {* T  V/ Usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 V7 q( ^( C5 @4 ]cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' Q! X1 D. }1 lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 a1 d6 B2 E8 L# `1 A# R* s* Dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& w6 A& h% w' l% \9 z+ @
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
: j9 t$ [. ], E( n  Ebeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. k) k: ]" a. K4 V& Yative initial history of androgen exposure, our
4 J' |3 S5 `* s! j3 P$ E5 `# A9 Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,2 G+ [5 X- M5 G% f1 r
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( z/ W$ s1 p$ }- Y9 ]: Kdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-6 V, D- w5 C  I
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.5 I7 V+ G6 u5 E
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
$ Z7 I' B7 e5 o, p3 K! \suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 V8 S7 I$ M' R1 I; K
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-4 z7 a' a7 w. W% O1 _6 d7 Q/ e
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 ]3 E: k, J- }2 a
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
# f# B; v+ W- ]  E. @- G4 Z6 Pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" P: B& W2 w0 ]% N& e. h
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& I. J/ x" f7 T+ O4 h; V( _Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
6 O/ I+ F# \+ p) \cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
0 U0 G" r; ?) |+ g' punprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 a; W( ]1 Y$ {6 K7 w0 }Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the9 F- W4 G: w  a& G2 D8 ]0 c, ~/ f8 m
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
" d+ y' y& g$ `even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 [; L% t# w- S& X4 Qpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
# N  B  F% ]: c& s6 l0 i9 _tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' J3 H8 {8 X; F: j5 mOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
( U, n0 B( }) I3 d7 q# |4 ?2 Qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- l: W) Z! N# q0 b7 P  h* d9 d- H  g- Hdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% r: h6 K2 A6 ?; Z! `6 o8 ?# jterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more+ ~# c# }5 S- m: u2 l' }2 S+ k* H: o
active in young children exposed to testosterone
9 ^) p8 P% ]+ D$ B" [  b- ~. J- w4 rexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
1 u# b% y/ F+ x' x9 \drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 ?, z" Q4 w) e6 U$ ~  i
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
) Y7 _5 d4 |' T$ i' r! Jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and  N) A' w7 _6 ^$ k
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 c  a8 b# x3 g& ~The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
8 P5 W5 h2 Z8 T3 a1 z6 k# V, qearly childhood on pubertal development and final& F& @  b: s9 W. L* b/ Q0 L) Y8 s
adult height are not fully known and always remain" h( |0 [8 }. W2 x7 Y6 j
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
) P2 t$ v3 p; qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some, a$ B6 L. [7 g, T3 w
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" @( H$ n7 f/ E7 a- bcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
7 H5 N, V( z8 w- ~decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, V1 R- q* j, v% Q' v
There are conflicting reports and controversy$ a5 {% a1 u) r" ^5 x7 A
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
' P* u$ l  i( m4 Z6 D: Z2 epenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. B/ k% W$ U0 q% @0 t8 M7 \adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
; m4 T7 ^6 A' p3 q1 M1 }ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,' H! B* b% X' ?3 J
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 g6 ]5 G4 q! P9 t5 @
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: L- l- M! t* Q* a9 z4 O8 ~penile length in clinical studies.
7 m0 w2 F; j& c, L2 d- uNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 c( X/ H; l! I' D2 [going to experience any of the untoward effects from
/ G' O2 g1 l/ V" qtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because& K' o9 q7 M1 D3 v2 ?& }$ `! m% t
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.$ E. ]( y7 x& m! K& |3 u
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of6 T! |2 m3 x1 Z* p5 s, \
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 j5 R+ E5 {$ Y  `
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult- ^8 y9 v; @0 j: [" L1 `3 w
height will not be affected.
$ ^# _  G% m  o6 V' FAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& y- b' W" B4 O3 dability of androgen products in our society may
* ]- y7 U6 L9 n* f& N- V5 eindeed cause more virilization in male or female
, K, C( A5 o1 H8 s, Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
2 ~- |3 Z! V# {: k6 j7 Q% p7 qgen products must be considered and specific ques-9 |3 g9 p3 P% e# H- G
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or/ l) P' s: L8 y1 K
gel should be asked of the family members during% k# q/ G4 U. w' f8 [4 e( }
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
4 M* ~/ L8 b$ H) D1 Eilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
# g6 a& u% G1 L3 |2 Onosis can be established by just a few tests and by9 [/ v5 Q: G0 w" A1 l: P
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
) P% f/ K$ y! W8 n' x* N/ G5 Yhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 n+ S! C. f/ h4 |7 r# B
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive& p  K, t  x- l* a
investigation. The primary care physician should be
. N  D# S: z: z2 Y9 z, S$ l! Xaware of this fact, because most of these children
) v) A3 `. z. Wmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ _2 v) H9 @% G  j% [Desk Reference and package insert should also put a; i2 E" f& l  p& @, }
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
) p7 {) v, e2 b2 h4 @. [female child who might come in contact with some-
0 [6 l4 Q6 a: p/ Q, Fone using any of these products.( _" \# O( [" f- T. o% a
References! P/ F7 R! n/ u3 u8 b
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 b1 o3 K( i1 I# O
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
9 B: j+ Z2 {, u7 pEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;8 N  i  r8 J( h
2002: 565-628.; X+ [  C" j( F0 ?  e9 j
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious8 C, t! L9 E! G6 J1 A# F" g
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
; X" ?) d7 [5 n1 S: ?" V8 M' T
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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