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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old  P: n1 t) Z$ Z6 q3 M
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
( n2 t/ R7 [  r5 j& PExposure to Testosterone
- A' W- G  Q7 ^) ~; X9 sSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) d/ ]0 c: N( q1 ]
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD12 I( J) H: n5 X. A( k! ^- n2 s' t9 f, D
Clinical Pediatrics
* {0 N- s9 ?+ I+ L6 c* e3 E8 iVolume 46 Number 60 d0 g/ N( ?  e. L. D  }
July 2007 540-543: ?" p1 e" L6 H- P1 y+ F7 W: @% g
© 2007 Sage Publications
: f: y& y" s: F6 Q& b( P( r4 g# W7 r10.1177/0009922806296651
% V! x5 M" k0 X8 E$ Rhttp://clp.sagepub.com
. s3 ]% H& j2 z7 U# W  ~2 a# Lhosted at
* f' x. T9 R1 rhttp://online.sagepub.com
* J7 w2 `& Z. c! Z! H. T) IPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,; C% {; Y* L7 @; L- w( {" F% @6 h, r
is a significant concern for physicians. Central) `, Y3 e0 b3 F. A0 Z
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. w4 v$ Q5 `, v5 N0 r' v1 j6 K
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 B3 {0 Y6 @  ha higher incidence of organic central nervous system& P2 ?# P) ?2 j: T) ?
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested. L) m8 o3 r) \( u$ o) `
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" z( W/ @. N0 n% L$ y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-9 u6 w% {  P2 \. s" x+ I: X5 V, t) e
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: E0 _( ^  e1 W7 qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, D8 D- `! O& U$ E" ^7 Genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  [* y: Q$ A3 ^6 Q
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' Y# V$ t+ w, Vto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by5 d; G& O) ~/ M, m' n& g
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
1 H6 r) @  p9 ~$ l3 V- |; omation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this" O1 u1 g+ M' ]( S
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  K- q2 R) {3 \. Qtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
, l% ?3 j! i& x0 v3 Ybly more common than the rare case report in the
- @* S9 u$ w# L  T1 I$ q. u, mliterature.4
% U' J3 s8 L1 H# ^! ^5 p  PPatient Report
0 H3 ^' |3 K5 E' J( {) x+ m0 gA 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ v2 {; S5 _* H4 h& o/ [
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern# f' D% S7 n3 P$ `
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
* b  X: G+ E2 U: Y. `9 h6 z1 Ylight colored pubic hair development when he was* V% G2 t! a9 _$ O  k
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& G8 b1 Q/ I* _( ^) Q4 vSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.: f/ X9 d9 g; Z3 a# H: v
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
$ j1 u, C! N: |9 t- p# \/ ZProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of! W2 l% s; e$ G; \8 E" e
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;3 k: V" W* }0 R' U, b
e-mail: [email protected].
1 v% X$ Q! W: g) H: rabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* X3 v, s0 ?0 _/ F% P  M# x% \darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" }3 F/ D* G+ F* j0 V3 rment of his penis and frequent erections. The child6 b7 I8 F& d3 F. Z4 R, Q; ^
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with7 c1 P8 b( k9 T6 e/ i' m
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# Y, Q# ^4 \& K" \% G5 }20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* p6 Q! x" J: u2 W) x4 |of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& }0 b+ |0 E) c  J. c) G: [/ fsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,$ P) i6 B; s' f, ?4 F3 ^
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
. t/ j3 r  k$ Y0 i  ~3 Hwas age appropriate.
% a& p% @# _. N8 b8 K- XThe family history was remarkable for the father,7 f0 P' N( }5 m4 J/ r# [
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
/ W2 k9 T- {8 Iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 E" I( r% @: [: r0 \- r$ c, A7 T2 q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
( H" H, G6 r. N+ W0 C! _+ [; [early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* v0 Q5 U' t' e! X' E2 lThe father denied taking any other medication. The
* O0 K7 H5 V, P9 ]child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
! a) z# ]- A# Q  g6 Y5 E! Iwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet' I/ F4 E# c. }6 K6 g" Q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ K' F, S% \' @% N6 u$ d
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( t7 G8 X' Q: B" q' R7 x; |
tives. There were no siblings.7 ]. n" G" p" W+ k3 Z. Z' n# K
Physical Examination
! U. P& p- n- V: i' n8 g8 u0 fThe physical examination revealed a very active,
( T$ \1 r% j) B1 `% [playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 l  r+ H& ]7 d( B& ya blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was5 r7 _% V: A4 c8 e8 \9 G& g" N8 \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  a# n0 l9 l0 a(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
; c0 A1 k+ S! j/ c  ]" j7 i& q% _( n3 Lvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of  X; f1 A8 ?/ z3 n5 f. H
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.& u- {$ E% X. G( p( M9 L; y! B
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ A8 s$ }' e$ z5 j
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
5 r* V/ m  l/ Y& L" e8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
) r% G& c* ~) [! G  edeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
0 ]6 G  `/ m( S( y$ u$ a! r6 S) V5404 n' O) ]' O3 A
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 i5 k4 y6 z  A: D2 `
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ l% Y; o* h' q5 C6 b$ }9 Qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 l1 I! E& Z, c
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. \1 u& ^  ?0 n: b, u3 L1 joily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
: P5 V% l- }6 _) Q) Qabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
  H0 {  ~4 v: M4 L5 sNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) n3 x1 w8 r% R+ g9 U* @+ Lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
+ l0 Y4 g! E, _/ O% kof papilledema.
! e/ \- Z- [2 Q5 t/ xLaboratory Evaluation
1 H  p! @" [" m/ ]: Q% V& @The bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 m! C2 S  a7 w" m' X' t
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-( ~$ y0 T  P3 X3 f# M
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
2 @% c! q4 D  W+ w/ Q9 tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
  T( l, E! y4 |( g3 d& Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-4 \- j9 C  r9 h% i
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).! c8 S& w: J/ l! t# [5 P/ D
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood( S- v7 }3 Y  x- P: \+ e; ~
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
4 y6 G/ k5 W- Dwithin normal range for his age. The concentration# ]8 [& _& l) ]1 p* D6 P% K4 X
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" ?  n; T3 w7 D7 v. Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! P/ `4 s% F3 t( q' F; ^. [- S+ eng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- a! r( a8 W' {terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( [% K( q  y% h" L1 @5 s% @desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to$ A, w5 r& F4 N+ n- V
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
  C# s5 ?' A6 ]3 Z" j7 s: {was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- D& X% v3 O% x
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total6 L; M8 _& \, y. ?- I1 A
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: M7 Z  ?- i7 \! {  K% {2 q
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than3 F; I; t) O* l% d* {# N& g- ^
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
! n+ I' s0 t8 _9 b3 x# r) H" G4 W/ Lstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- n6 {& b. O8 C/ U2 @
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 v8 b$ Z9 e2 d4 h% X; y(prepubertal).
6 ^& z  {% j! Z7 b& `4 {The parents were notified about the laboratory
8 q# v5 ~3 J, i9 X8 y1 u/ w) M* `results and were informed that all of the tests were7 H0 V. Q$ m7 ~7 x
normal except the testosterone level was high. The4 e( y: a5 p; \7 j' z! T8 l
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
8 Z: R' N3 u# d- G) hobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-  i$ m4 {% ]* X6 H
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! Z- h( g9 C" {6 n* N7 pPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
) t" I6 y  j( l8 [1 mchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ I9 x# a( U2 R# s4 r% K2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. `2 J* n8 j# _& q2 `6 ~. b  |& p( Hunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-$ B! I" g# Z; h( X/ ]) Z2 q
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at0 s' {* a/ p  Q5 i
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2- S$ y, R# V: f9 V4 V& \
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- A* W- @% t+ D& @/ [9 ^# M
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
; v8 c! Q  K4 I" Ding frequent erections.. a7 a# Z0 ?. Z* L0 I
Both parents were again questioned about use of
7 K0 }7 A7 ~. d2 nany ointment/creams that they may have applied to: ~7 Z! j( z. |4 C+ I* j1 b1 {
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" c* a% [; g! RTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. O0 b6 K5 M+ n: M0 t
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
$ s, e+ `' K2 e( iing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 r0 R! q- }1 v* e  ]" f3 c
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed  ]. b' p2 g( j2 u( g$ m
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
, U" e. B& c; Y3 }9 ^, iscribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 I/ D/ Z5 W: [* }( I
secondary to depression.
4 p" Q& O1 q4 w$ f7 iThe child slept in the same bed with parents.3 C4 p9 Y: y0 D: E7 W
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# F" U4 n  V7 m  Ochest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-7 M1 Q/ ?9 w( D, @
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
& }2 `. T: O2 e8 xThe father also admitted that after the phone call,- E; q) n7 z. q* y" M
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 V8 S0 j# `5 awas high, he then read the product information* F) k/ ]- N5 \: |! l
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-9 M0 b% a; A! g4 P% E
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they! j5 C% w2 C3 f% h( Y
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 K' N5 O! C$ R4 H: Ffather was not hugging him with bare skin and had5 g* ?. Z1 D- i# N3 Y# a$ b0 E
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 {0 h" |- v. }
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
# G7 t6 x, R' P& I+ G. Ylaboratory to obtain the test.  ], E- u/ h$ ~1 h8 M4 E% f) n- V2 y
Discussion
4 t1 S4 n* p' X1 J1 pPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ N# X$ k3 P: E
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
  T3 W/ `4 r* x3 I; c" vPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when5 y- s1 h: V0 i# y$ P( l  \4 q
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& i* K; ?& T$ I" H3 {thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
- \& w! H7 n1 `# T6 I' n$ A2 Dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 {$ Q' W0 p9 H% R4 H& M- @. k+ gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is/ K" O7 D: r) L8 b( X- y: [
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. k" f  W4 N& V" k5 S; P
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& I4 Z/ P  F1 o% u& }. E% qsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" {9 Z4 b1 H* j) h: E: E
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) \" P. `- O) Z$ ]& |- J
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' E$ ]' g3 Z# X' `2 ~- B, brical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 d  S( G2 ]( Z# O3 j
gonadotropins.1,3
) V/ S! m9 {" ^6 B& t: UGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 C( P  i7 C2 |" e" K; m( i/ ccious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
3 n+ X4 [# o* @7 D( }7 @4 Mandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or3 I. v8 a  E& C, I/ O
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
# k5 T7 Y1 O1 ^) l+ {' Julation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" [8 U; i( S7 p1 z, E# y; B* hcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 u" W6 {; i4 V* o6 _7 A9 Padrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
& R' A. k5 K4 d) d8 ipuberty in boys.3,4
( p6 r1 x3 c( R6 H% R* NThe most common form of congenital adrenal
2 l6 H4 Q- E! u" `  I7 nhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
% f: O0 y3 t+ Q; |. VThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
9 O# l# z$ C$ f0 fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 K* u, H9 h3 A, w3 {
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
  O% b: {: m; ^4 Hexcess.1,3
' ]6 A6 S  S6 ~! N0 h6 rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; |- P7 a3 g& s$ d6 L542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' n2 o& d# i4 c. `" v5 o$ u1 q( }! gA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& L. x4 `# P) k) dindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
- d: d% \7 A8 ]% R8 ^as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
; F- I) C) D; q+ Gvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
( t  Z" i* E" i) Kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 R1 a& f9 _6 W, w; q5 U6 d3 vincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys* O( ?$ A" l6 l1 i4 R% B
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
7 i! y1 v1 e0 j* t  G( Pare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show+ c- e8 [/ c$ ]
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
0 P' Z3 y! e# Z% o' Lreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
6 ?5 ?9 E9 q: n) R1 lautosomal dominant disorder that affects only- t8 u' h, k& a$ G
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 W$ v8 b, f# z$ `. c) s# ~& Imay have similar precocious puberty.3% R. A9 c; g+ r6 ~  E
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
, P3 g% G, ?# I2 p; }6 H) v' csistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 b& G' \. B) P/ Y/ j% y- L
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis  g: w9 |3 c2 D) }
was in the differential diagnosis because his father) p' B' |3 y6 l* j4 w
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% A7 J. @7 u& A. Dtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
6 n9 k% y) @8 pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
( Y6 n8 D+ ^/ x8 p4 O, F) c/ W) native initial history of androgen exposure, our
, I7 _! B, |* U1 o! ^$ Tbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,7 R3 G" L: E4 J% G/ j' x
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
1 s9 Q7 o3 K; Q0 x8 _, [" [deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
! D/ J+ I0 j4 o" k# [' ging the normal level of adrenal steroids.  l4 ~: d! O1 b: K
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly; A% T/ l6 [4 H) z- N
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' K  M6 h! G: O: D# Pthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-. t% t: F& Q/ P. ~) o
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
% w0 T' z2 O6 y' Jdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 d, C0 w0 Y# k6 L
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) B8 A2 Q+ r' A; M& R
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’' v3 w0 u2 j$ J# E$ \% M
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or5 Q9 O9 l  K) @9 G. f5 I! Z' }6 o
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
2 E1 T0 h1 ?1 [% vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 }& e- E' a1 cSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the/ g( C! `; \, O7 o1 d' \
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
9 j! ^$ x5 z7 v* D, o; k+ ceven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; T. B* Q4 y, Q( T; L2 i
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* y& Z% K: {" G  Z3 o
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.: G: u% l" N# U
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 |1 G- p9 g/ t9 o7 k" ^+ Qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that1 v( e- a) R% z/ _2 a9 z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
! b! A+ ^0 e; U3 ^; w, F7 p. Bterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
4 q0 H" q% J$ F/ O: ractive in young children exposed to testosterone
& n* m) n% [6 c; Cexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 [! U% b  }8 N* i0 S' tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to3 Z2 b3 [% g) B# g4 d; z
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in  m7 v* C. {) w* f" w- z" J& w2 G* ~! v
children results in an increase in growth velocity and; m0 |) i3 L9 Q$ ^: h- G! k
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.9 ?& }5 }+ Z* d3 ]4 a. ~
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 U* t: R( ^0 Learly childhood on pubertal development and final( j2 t# B" I* I/ g
adult height are not fully known and always remain' y/ R9 f. E  X* D" e1 M$ R
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 s" X- s3 K. z; `9 @' Yterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some. {: p1 j1 T: F) Z* u6 Z, N! @7 J# _
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ K% l# f0 i8 B& O6 k: P
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation& v& ?  y) A) F, u1 Z8 R& M
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; z0 r( Y- f1 wThere are conflicting reports and controversy. n/ R/ }  q8 ?' [
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
7 g3 q2 _. L' jpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. b8 h+ y. ^. D5 _# T" Radult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
7 w. f; W+ B6 l: Q  C+ R! Z' hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,* g) G; e- Q" H$ z% V8 \7 V
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ N. ^0 r7 H- o. O  P; a1 e7 |2 m2 Pchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ K& l/ O  n$ H& p& r
penile length in clinical studies.
' K" \3 V; B+ M/ T& k" y. v. vNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
* p/ Z; l$ g9 b; R- V( A. U- tgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 Y( Q! _9 F4 V: l7 f
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" ^' x1 _* Y, x
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
# Z" j) b1 J! |Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 d0 j. O" g# n5 }% F! L0 rdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: A% b/ r+ `) x1 E/ j4 Q
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult6 v# k* V6 d' k* G8 [7 u' z0 F3 b
height will not be affected.1 q. j3 B0 G$ H8 R: K- b+ p
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-7 q& K9 U/ a! |) o
ability of androgen products in our society may4 ]! W' {6 U, ^4 t, L# v
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
# R+ K" `0 E% \! mchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-9 q8 ?$ q4 B# ]- h$ ^/ t+ u
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
8 @9 k) Z, T2 M: }+ ?( R% Xtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# B+ L4 P) t( M( v" n% Z9 ngel should be asked of the family members during
! R$ S5 e$ U7 C  y2 x& Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-$ ]# h  X  D- n- N$ z. S
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-5 z; a8 A2 F+ s7 p: _0 p1 a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by5 Y# ]  R9 o: Q! A& r
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
3 v2 b/ S2 A3 G) [7 c2 B3 lhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; j, k; o1 P3 L0 ]; _( Bresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive0 E$ e, b4 t# e( L6 y  C' o
investigation. The primary care physician should be: |5 |  u3 o5 e3 @9 v
aware of this fact, because most of these children' j' q: k: i) m8 V2 m. y: T" N
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 x5 f. ?8 D0 ?6 V
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 A0 E1 {; M1 r; z) Lwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or+ }! h% C' K) u+ `
female child who might come in contact with some-* V- ?$ R$ ~% Y5 I% T, F
one using any of these products.
( `: u6 X! k2 Z0 v, L- ]" zReferences
+ g) H5 ?8 P/ h6 V* p: j- u( ]1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 [; x0 @' |( J. G+ E: Yand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric9 l& _8 m! k; R. _, X
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 s. @" i, H2 {6 A6 q
2002: 565-628.
% L' y$ |: J1 k& d. n* h: D1 H2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious8 ?# H4 ?- n0 L' z$ Y- c' y% X
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 J5 C. z5 m: R1 i; Q# m
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical# J9 q: p1 h5 S# N! @' x. |* |
Exposure to Testosterone
. s8 c; H8 i+ u9 X7 h1 v. \Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
7 V" ^/ @& U: P' ]: j8 V- zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 a3 n$ k8 b0 [8 l- N7 EClinical Pediatrics5 k, Y) I  P/ o. p; |/ ]& a
Volume 46 Number 6! J/ c( _9 r" P
July 2007 540-543
+ ]7 K/ [$ x" S: P; H6 H© 2007 Sage Publications
' s2 W. l2 z# I+ q6 p+ z- ^10.1177/0009922806296651
( [' }) ?" W6 |5 n6 c$ a% ahttp://clp.sagepub.com
7 @2 x0 n- o+ `1 |/ I. @: Fhosted at
# y; [  ?  R, e! l: W$ t7 r. zhttp://online.sagepub.com" q% \& h. }5 x
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 Z$ ]8 t8 ~' Q$ N0 ^3 b1 gis a significant concern for physicians. Central
7 \' H( L& x  L; J! Kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ f4 r- N  B( n# {- i' cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 ^, |# @3 L& c$ W' V: F( [. Z; Q" }a higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 `' i9 p- W& c8 S3 s
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested' [9 g: t1 h. M
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
, o/ i+ Q: S! P3 Ihair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
# [& j  N2 o" ]9 ?# Xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We* H  y3 q- t6 P, h! E: f
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
2 O  j" u# ~& l  Renlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-5 d3 T, T+ X6 v" ^# H
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due7 u" t9 ^$ @2 q' O7 N
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ F7 ~& x- P7 D* V
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-$ R5 t" |4 D" q9 k, _) @: r+ l0 K
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this; d0 o7 _% |5 p7 s! [- _
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of+ Q5 f1 P  X$ b# l9 r! N
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-! b8 U9 V2 U; r( Q$ J
bly more common than the rare case report in the9 Q5 v# z: o- L: d4 y! l5 E* n+ V
literature.4; H3 x% M, Q% O: N% z7 t
Patient Report
) a* [& J; J2 w: N  WA 16-month-old white child was referred to the  |- d; H5 |! T* I) Q. N
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& A! [% [+ N* x: X# O
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
7 `) k& x% f' Slight colored pubic hair development when he was8 x+ s( f0 Q/ `9 ?7 t; J9 k. l
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of/ D; U! T5 ~' t9 a( Q& l/ ]2 |, k
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 T8 `6 i7 o+ X/ Y7 F" p, wAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
/ U! u5 B8 i) ?' }6 n# j# r! Y8 @Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
6 ]6 p) J/ i) KMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;4 c2 G9 F4 {' Y7 h5 f( e5 X: z
e-mail: [email protected].
/ l) ]% \( u+ d: h) Tabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
  c! s1 f1 V3 j6 F$ Q0 P3 Ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ t, ]$ [1 b) x4 T+ t+ s! |
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child" Q4 V. g$ d- j2 S# Y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
$ i8 K$ M+ u* _$ T( U# |' Wa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of5 z8 S5 F2 ~" k& x
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
0 b" v) I1 u! u. i, X& C5 zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
% V) u" q. w' D2 V; @( osolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 ~! z: d" C* _+ U
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development- T# e) ]8 u5 }) L# {0 B
was age appropriate.6 S) o9 O% U7 |) a  o
The family history was remarkable for the father,
+ y# m+ d* v6 n- zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
' o0 H5 ?, H" l/ swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- I5 l2 `, S( T# i* U) Z, H* p% Rheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat3 i+ ?: f. \& K$ p
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 b" v5 a% x+ G. H  A' b1 S/ K1 @
The father denied taking any other medication. The. t: E! U7 |1 ]# Z  `, f
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche- s# {) K- |2 Q7 ^
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 P! t' e. Y) A  Q5 T7 O! E
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
7 R- x& ~3 m! Ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-/ O" a* s7 }* ~. P# t' Z2 }% }
tives. There were no siblings.
# [8 L0 h" a2 W4 A2 S0 ?# QPhysical Examination
  W( E# S  h% r7 K4 }7 gThe physical examination revealed a very active,
" Q. I, u6 J: x0 ^1 X; s5 Y" qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
9 L1 I8 ]4 @$ f2 D  o! ]* ma blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was* W, |7 a. p' f7 m
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' G+ {9 l# P) m3 \& ~- J(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth- a+ i4 Z% s; f3 |6 K$ R; L
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of9 @6 D9 A1 \: c9 B! ^3 Q4 S
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% T8 _% o+ _1 o0 C0 W$ }) f7 x* V1 bThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
' n1 V3 _. ]9 f  {: t) _enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of( E- S  G* _# z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 a: V3 J; J( H, v4 j5 S
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
4 {' k" T% y$ p6 {540
$ v0 `8 ]6 |8 O6 Xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( O/ p9 h5 A# y; D. x
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 c$ h4 t+ l8 A' s) R# rtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
# ^# w% U) \9 d! `/ qThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
+ J# \. K3 y; o8 O/ doily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no9 }: ^% u4 ]0 e% c
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- D7 T8 B5 a9 o  @' ^Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+- N  \: }0 R. d3 W# G) j) B
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* J1 `$ p9 K: Q$ q5 O6 Fof papilledema.
( Z: h! Y3 G3 L, RLaboratory Evaluation
) x( I( o8 E  OThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by# F8 A5 y7 T: D2 X
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
- [  |" F% s# W% ^, C3 Z3 ~logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ \. x2 J2 `8 M1 E5 ikaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 {  \* }" p* {1 {& ^! oshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
* F7 c+ @8 I/ H( {' y2 w  Hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).: [/ t! z! W+ g3 ^+ ]
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  p  Y( ~" o7 E  u. g- }/ furea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
7 P" N2 O. M/ ^* g3 O0 Mwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
( k2 [7 V4 @( i; I# X9 Gof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 l: t  c- I* B7 _# e(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 `2 S* v- {+ R% Zng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
# q  z3 g) n8 l7 |: G0 e; u$ dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( C$ R1 X% @, Z- T% `' f& {desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 v, _4 Q8 u/ }$ F4 Y( ?
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 t! g  F4 ~( k) [. l) h" Q0 G
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 u# z8 Q/ v9 K, }& E4 \
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
& {6 D: Q$ o, H* ?' r) [testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),' X% G9 d# |' E& Z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, [5 v1 \2 z) q  j5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 u$ N+ V0 U. Q% E8 v& D
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* D. f: c# |/ d
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. d% Y# S- D- y: U: K, q(prepubertal).( r& B4 r6 ?. B  `! ]% x! U) D
The parents were notified about the laboratory8 M  l3 n+ H) y0 j( V
results and were informed that all of the tests were* R% m- [! P2 W( M5 u0 J+ l
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
" `2 X1 v3 E) L  F# wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
2 c: e' h$ b  ~) o' Hobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
. v6 y4 Q  U( Z" Y! v1 ?5 d8 Bever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! G) t+ {  ]* OPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
7 a& Z+ A: m7 p( K5 [5 @1 cchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
, h) q( W& ^3 f7 q4 O2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained* ~' t, U+ v0 V
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- P, E2 v# a) P' V
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ X9 e9 R+ V, ?4 u7 Othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
4 E1 N7 i- y$ D+ u9 i( D7 @mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
5 _* ], c9 D- O$ n6 q0 M+ NThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-) h2 j! n6 t4 e/ S- q; H- p$ _
ing frequent erections.6 T/ k6 B6 n1 ?
Both parents were again questioned about use of- S( r) n& f% W5 h8 C7 W7 f
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to1 w  X1 ~  ?5 a3 C: ]
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 s. h& g5 a; `: P! K! B+ U2 ^Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5415 r- @9 _7 `1 |) A3 y8 R  j+ U
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-! h2 x6 L2 k- w( ^+ b5 T7 F
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
8 S* K5 ]5 j1 @6 M3 P1 aa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( _6 ?, X2 O7 Vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 J* F: ~" U' A5 a  l! s
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
& `  p* Q' H9 @3 N8 w0 Csecondary to depression.
  [4 x; h: s* _& ?/ f! WThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
  C4 I7 |* B1 d! ~8 W5 @" SThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
+ W; C& `1 F$ G2 fchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ j% V3 q6 c+ N7 ]; b# w, ]
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
& @+ @: K' B1 y0 LThe father also admitted that after the phone call,) n. n: i' _' q0 |- R  y7 i; i( e
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby3 k1 h( M) t4 P
was high, he then read the product information' f8 I* M6 E5 `, L$ Q! K
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 A  C" R' u+ c8 x5 _son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
" O; l- E* b  d2 l  e7 R* Wdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
) ]2 `2 D4 _) J- L9 M9 d4 _6 l8 Xfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had3 `, `+ I5 a) f% U; x
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone  w6 h5 X0 D8 V. F. ^. {
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the- ?" j+ S) P, t. ~3 M
laboratory to obtain the test.. `. P2 c5 T4 n0 F
Discussion
7 Q" [9 A; I0 X5 o+ tPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) T+ n) s( Q: M" h1 a! i( csexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 V) Y" g& z( H+ O( V9 T, F9 G  k4 EPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: Y7 _* D; q) u  M
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
, y# D+ \: ]% y3 hthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-9 [1 D' j  e$ |9 y% @& V
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP, K4 W! n5 l. ^
may have a central nervous system lesion that is0 D: k0 w7 q9 f, E; r
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 x# l0 e# h; n5 B  e: c& Gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. j$ @. O- V8 [' Z+ u/ ssis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 ]* Z, p, w# b+ Nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-' {% U5 z$ r. @; l; c- d
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% w+ n: F  D4 S- b* S1 nrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! b7 y; |6 Z, n; l1 s
gonadotropins.1,3
$ H$ D7 ?: K1 I  Z2 ]Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 h5 u, q  \! m; y7 i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" [3 f/ ?3 c3 Kandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or" v. C3 ]/ Z0 k( d6 }( J
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 n: z1 B' f0 ?5 Uulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing3 a( v( k. [7 s. m$ ]0 ^; T) v
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% b1 q4 \$ u* \- b% Z; dadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 \% _  j( K' Q
puberty in boys.3,4! R2 F3 S' O) {: l# f
The most common form of congenital adrenal! X* i1 ^; T- N, R' D
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
3 p& O. q; R" z# P% eThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# o2 I5 `0 t/ u; B  V- ]7 X8 @  @, l
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 J# J7 d6 V% \" m  ian adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
# R) V; C( n# P" c/ hexcess.1,3/ d, u* y4 Q# ^+ V# R3 y; m( }; h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 v  N5 y2 F, D" g542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20078 w. _1 {# L, w
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-0 m4 x9 H3 |6 N$ r: z/ @/ G
independent precocious puberty, which is also known& I- u- {/ l' ]
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a% n; H6 M) G) a, p9 S: f
very young age. The physical findings in these boys5 {2 d& J, t- r' k$ _
with this disorder are full pubertal development,/ H4 Z7 }- }7 P$ C
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: w, L6 A; E6 Z+ q
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ y( r8 D+ y3 V* Q$ {are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* d+ b9 Y; Y/ ^: c. K3 F/ c# n
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& A, w. \' J6 B7 |$ i
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" u3 x+ g) ]5 c" P7 M
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only1 P: K* A! m5 \
males; therefore, other male members of the family9 k  _  l8 U$ k' r$ E
may have similar precocious puberty.3  S& T% O2 {6 U" S/ v4 d
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 y( p$ g( y. Y( Y3 nsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ w3 M1 i2 A4 x0 F* O7 }4 k4 f
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
+ h% _, r. C- @2 v  gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
% M( _5 [- Q" B7 ~started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,5 ?# W' X& _, @( y9 W
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the6 p, z* u! j  D
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-0 a7 `3 K3 Q2 f
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our4 g( s4 D1 P! }/ E
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& O4 x5 d* X7 I5 s9 zeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
9 V' A5 f; c4 c3 U/ Z& P" hdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-9 v$ ~4 q6 D+ U7 \  k- p* v
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.; k$ Z  s! d" L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly0 y# y% J) R; k: x: T* \: J5 i9 T
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" v7 \+ M4 H6 G8 m- g
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) ^" s4 _6 V* e( k) zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and/ |  @* E5 _1 i1 m! J3 D- z
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-6 @5 t1 T+ G/ {+ k8 R
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was% n% h% W' L! v& J, V- o
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
3 q) g/ K% e- {" f2 z6 L5 WDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: m( c& c  |. P/ z; T5 k  T. ^cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
3 i; `3 l3 |  \; m& v) vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# F0 \$ t5 u/ T0 ~! ySerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ o; d/ j  `* A5 o
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
# G- X# s0 e  [- g' Y! G% Zeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& l5 h) Z' @# S, u4 [partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 Y, p0 }7 \: x' C: Htion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 r* z- L/ p/ x4 Y2 a( A0 g% W+ FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,6 O' }+ y! d3 @0 x
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. X8 \2 p% n! J. x4 E. m
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 H7 h/ F$ j) x1 e2 k7 U
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
; }/ j4 i0 X% o8 n7 A8 j$ Cactive in young children exposed to testosterone! \( f  x  T5 @* g4 ^
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-" b( C, @- {$ F' a9 e; F
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to" R2 M6 I3 ~% ~! M: R
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
! G; r* Z; F6 m( p' c- c& Achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and3 B) x, Y; N+ c
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ D! c2 E5 r$ Z) _6 C* L
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 {# w" p( m# r( {9 `7 P$ ^- {4 U
early childhood on pubertal development and final
+ A* z6 v( y4 `  a$ ladult height are not fully known and always remain$ @( x, ~5 @1 L: }
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 U# L1 w# l+ F9 K! i9 o8 g
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& `( b( F8 K% h; W6 B! \2 E+ G
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( {3 W$ V3 U3 e* I" w+ g0 Dcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 d5 m* y; Q6 R( U! Y/ hdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9$ ~% u/ }/ \. ]( H& z! n8 S/ g
There are conflicting reports and controversy  [' T- D% ]; \* M1 u0 X  K. U9 g( i
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult) _% t" r! V6 p
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal  ~5 `$ f% s0 X$ l% z: [7 E* ^- }
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; s* {+ k, E) @2 C8 R1 i8 p
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! v8 k$ I- b( o; W1 T
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 H' R* n1 y; hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult# w0 ~  M6 G1 E' _* A& {! d
penile length in clinical studies.
( Z0 V4 d1 V7 |Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is5 w2 D" y$ [9 F. Q2 p# [9 @& \
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
, v9 C8 m  l  ]. b4 |testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
8 S& J2 ~. h! g  f3 @the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.  z; a8 y3 z7 i' X4 M; [
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of8 v. c$ z& O, A7 o
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) o5 d8 ]$ ?+ N2 y3 T8 @4 K& e
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. A- J) {. z3 D3 W+ G
height will not be affected.
% A0 F1 F/ F' f* _) SAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) |  m* T% }3 J& S8 g! {% O7 _ability of androgen products in our society may4 Q/ s/ q: N; [
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 w# P7 R9 q: W$ ]9 _  W+ u( T3 _children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
; `1 h9 @9 R5 P6 z+ Kgen products must be considered and specific ques-
8 f5 I. @- ~" Ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or) E/ s( d# |) p, o; ]6 s
gel should be asked of the family members during  v* b- E: n1 H6 D! {- z; g2 x
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-' B- W% a% @% W# q' ?/ ]
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! h( h# n) h1 O4 r/ A  ?& @( pnosis can be established by just a few tests and by7 u) P5 ~% Y' H8 k  y
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 n6 P  ]- L( J4 x/ Uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may5 v0 J) q9 M4 R/ r0 F" _/ \
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ N, U' G- @: f0 `/ U+ Ninvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' d' c5 m  A4 i8 W, [- Q& Yaware of this fact, because most of these children; |4 O' f, j$ k8 g1 z
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
( p" D6 s& [, ]# O2 yDesk Reference and package insert should also put a3 D; R% {" t) G+ J, g
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 Y9 V9 _+ ^+ y8 {# Kfemale child who might come in contact with some-
# T# l  [: }7 r+ H7 {one using any of these products.3 ]0 R& X% ?3 r( J
References2 X. H  e* D/ m
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
: c1 K7 B! l  D9 S' pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' T0 [2 N, j# s
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) C9 b& ]' R. }) F
2002: 565-628.
: q) T& U8 t$ e; Y# Y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: @. [; @; Q- E$ P9 X% L- j
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
1 l" U% B* ]6 _9 w+ P
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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