- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
累計簽到:5 天 連續簽到:1 天
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
' r& s" v# [( O7 x! f- k% ?6 nBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 r' g8 Q* F% T9 B# W+ _8 ^0 VExposure to Testosterone5 \" ]8 t6 P4 D" n: f# ]% B) T
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
/ o" {+ c1 v8 e$ K0 |! Pand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
* y: r. j3 ]% NClinical Pediatrics
( ^/ J' A" w) r6 T' D1 AVolume 46 Number 65 K3 [" l) @3 o2 o# M- \% ^
July 2007 540-543
8 i2 B# a& ]2 I© 2007 Sage Publications
; j* |! [5 o5 R: t- C10.1177/0009922806296651
8 C* P9 l$ B! u6 S: x; x9 Mhttp://clp.sagepub.com& z6 Z* B# Y' d& D' H
hosted at! l2 S7 K, n$ y% [2 O
http://online.sagepub.com0 y' p- h/ z) _
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
) a9 t/ C7 g* H9 A( Tis a significant concern for physicians. Central3 s6 d8 T2 W3 B! b& D1 P. B
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated3 L9 |: j% [3 o, l- R- \. g$ a
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has, ]7 }5 w$ ^: m% p
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
9 Z# a* f# v' Slesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
/ r0 ~3 o: W' Pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) i" e7 Y0 ~: j5 p
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
9 `) b& E; Y% _+ N! y+ x% Vcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: S4 Y, a1 i* ?report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
) @0 _8 u' O: p% ?4 h5 u4 menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 g" a, x: [1 G vment without testicular enlargement, which was due3 u2 C Z# X! y: I2 |; k) z/ g5 y
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ C) _5 c+ v0 Z0 [the father. The family initially concealed this infor- F+ m' f' {9 z& F! j6 |
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this, K/ O9 x! \# T3 Z, x& c @1 S
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of8 y) N1 V2 v& m- [" P9 u
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
[, B( E5 v: y7 T% F, nbly more common than the rare case report in the
, Z7 B$ r' G2 @5 E$ Iliterature.4
( W0 l1 J, \ ~, R8 b( l0 tPatient Report7 R- A" J9 O, i& g! m
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the) }% c7 K7 z) {' l! e) j4 a+ x( Z& c
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ s! S3 T: I: _* mof early sexual development. His mother noticed3 s2 d7 z, Q7 ]4 \: `2 R' ?1 `
light colored pubic hair development when he was9 \) d6 Y* N' K# X7 t" o
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! r! ]1 q6 Z9 VSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ `- p5 N4 y( B4 B/ F5 Y
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' r8 P) ]8 ?* ]7 B6 C& E* ~9 T! q ], t
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of, ^. u5 X$ |: d. Y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;- ^; t$ L( E, \; E. O2 F
e-mail: [email protected].
8 s' `. {& V$ \) e3 I0 K) A" `about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
4 L |+ _" {3 [2 e2 B) ?+ @& Kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
* T1 ?! ~* M7 _/ _) ~6 ument of his penis and frequent erections. The child, u' c7 L! y9 y, e5 m. W2 U. y9 t
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with& O* |: {( o7 Y2 T" z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of1 K: j- f- G% ^2 X3 _* z6 G
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year1 Q0 [, N' s0 G T
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with- E+ h; i+ X5 t" x6 ?# A O
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 ^2 ?. [6 d9 g
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 q' F+ z; x& t+ U; D. K
was age appropriate.
+ z) E2 G8 v) N( P7 t# XThe family history was remarkable for the father,9 m" B! D% e# W [% g$ V9 \
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' T4 P+ N7 g# u, n
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s/ h4 e, C! \ k/ l8 F* E9 H
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat' M5 e. u) b( E
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
7 x. x- ^# G4 Z0 `The father denied taking any other medication. The9 N' m; K2 Y6 {8 o& w0 H2 O
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ z. V' P4 p0 T/ ~) j# v1 k$ Mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet. O/ [6 ~3 H! v' L0 p
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" t, s' a, G- k& j$ k+ b1 M# w
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 T2 c' z* s3 \. b7 O5 y" dtives. There were no siblings.
3 D& X4 Q( {3 G* S! t0 LPhysical Examination
& m8 s1 I! P, Y( |4 B, mThe physical examination revealed a very active,
( a9 s* y) U/ Z6 f; ?+ e/ qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
" N/ k0 c+ D6 n: W9 I% ja blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 C" t6 B7 A! L2 m k2 K$ R90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ C. L# D. p9 C5 ~! E4 @(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 D6 o+ e' O6 `; ?
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ Y# L2 u4 w7 o6 A) W1 Y6 F' s$ y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. o* y7 N$ o' K0 q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 ?% H2 H! v; D% Yenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 G# w: h1 J! k0 ?, X2 h# _
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! \2 ^, F/ j" F4 `+ v
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around* O/ s3 y' H2 p: s- q
540
! V6 ]8 S* p$ F" o- D. l0 Rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- W( V8 R8 x% L) H7 p7 p
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The ?3 e7 a# o2 r$ S! V+ {( Q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 E# e4 o3 E. w. \The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
1 j: l$ i% x6 y# }# {* \' doily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 f( @1 o8 I' u7 z5 l: X3 N$ labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
* f) E: R5 w0 p1 H+ _Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 `# {: ^. A. @. ]6 j' W' j
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion/ b. _3 r) x* f2 [! ?0 }$ d7 w
of papilledema.& W3 [0 e( u! w* S
Laboratory Evaluation
8 w W' E" d. X& YThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by' J, P! b1 @" W
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 B. T- X* S* ^
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( \/ w( O+ f ekaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test- q* M4 ~, c/ c* R) C$ s
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. |- ?. A8 W! S) J% A2 e' C% T
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 H) J% N1 Q2 D: a/ x% g6 z5 _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' M, J6 @! M5 k5 o( ^urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 l) J/ @/ A2 c2 n
within normal range for his age. The concentration1 E9 [7 j. U7 A5 c, p d5 x
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL7 G {4 l' l% p9 |! G# ~: j1 E
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 K0 {- h* s1 \& d6 M$ c
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 N2 M! w$ F9 h. R* w5 d$ F7 B
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
* Q5 ~6 t# v/ ~. k( B# y; V3 u, J% Ldesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ `1 a, F, ?4 R; B
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)( z8 {: m" s0 v. L9 F' Z5 [7 {
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
C, H7 P6 t. qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 k/ u, v+ p, d( K
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),/ j7 D2 [6 L; y+ ?1 b* S
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
+ L L6 b8 h! S& T' ]5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 ?. I( ]. f! q' ~% F( u
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
% }; G. V$ @- T/ oconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL0 r1 \8 e4 s# m( { b5 b3 _, f
(prepubertal).
% i4 s) M) n$ Q4 q4 n! KThe parents were notified about the laboratory
- X$ c' J4 K5 Y( j! vresults and were informed that all of the tests were
9 b" z7 g' l) e4 Z# y, j/ @# D8 Unormal except the testosterone level was high. The
2 Q+ j: q/ m% m7 E2 ^follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 U, N X* ?3 gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-4 ?7 w# y) i' H9 F+ P- d7 I
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
' W7 t6 t! \/ k: z" f" ]Physical examination at this time revealed that the, e2 D" h8 b9 ^; y8 |. b/ ^
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained' z# ?; G( l) b( _* p
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 ~2 u: n3 H! p. A6 I, P& H
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: k/ C0 J3 X7 m4 J, h5 |pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at7 w3 C! g' h: H5 |& ]5 L: P
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( K/ C) b* X6 L- T' q( Y
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% F$ e% |+ }: I2 M# sThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 ?& U2 @# }8 K" w! Xing frequent erections.
6 _9 q# U4 w) b4 ~Both parents were again questioned about use of
* C2 Z* h8 W# e/ ~, ~' Rany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
; d. d- o4 M8 l4 g6 u) t! `the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
# t4 e9 ^9 K6 F: t" g# @Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541 V* j4 a* S* M
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' u; ?5 y: } T) Iing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 `2 E5 t+ e* H
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed& [# T9 z( |, d& [
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
* w" D+ s2 a9 _9 Q& [scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
; \) m+ c) E! J8 C6 e o9 Rsecondary to depression.
( B0 S( D6 a9 G7 p' U) ~The child slept in the same bed with parents.- @% j' U ^5 a: l* I
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 a! d; x) n! }0 Y' A/ \. ]8 q* Achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-2 E( h( U# M5 m; c' ~
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: f! G; H- t" }8 ~) [
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ @' d9 P2 v3 O9 ^$ Bwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby0 `& t8 x5 l K) K8 w" @
was high, he then read the product information4 ~, F, }# e4 c3 H8 K7 [
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-; ^. o1 s* W, N5 J* ~6 w
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
# p; |9 G/ Z- p: mdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# a% U( o, B' N) [* B6 Sfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had9 a6 W c' c9 v
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
f% I# R$ Y, m) }3 A1 i/ t5 O2 Vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- _/ v" o) s" F! [" Y6 w/ Ylaboratory to obtain the test.# H- G9 h4 S$ D R& s5 R1 y
Discussion2 n: Q/ O' Q( d) N7 O
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary J9 y. p$ J# b2 f7 R
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 `+ R l/ j: E# n' ~$ Z9 pPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when% ]$ C: U0 U% `8 \0 l$ p. b5 B
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) k& U% Z- F- Z, S. s( W0 r* ^: |$ Athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
4 z) Q) ?( x. R- D; Mmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% v' [5 _9 c, U# ^8 s, V
may have a central nervous system lesion that is% C& `/ @8 a9 u9 L' w2 S0 a
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 a( I' r% n# |$ ?$ r+ H4 t
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ n5 ^6 r+ n) v( s6 l
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 q) I* y0 n9 R% [: Oboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-( [% i1 H. w6 o7 h1 X
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-6 n8 Q7 l; O7 G% s1 `2 O
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! W+ m e& B* u8 o4 \7 y `gonadotropins.1,3" f6 @# R& K+ Q6 c9 ?6 \: A2 ]- T
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* M$ P! D: W0 w- X: ^
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& x- i0 c" _/ b: b1 o j& l% X
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
. S" o: F% `; m, W, @ T9 Hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% K- ^0 [+ {5 Bulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 O! K$ ~- e: {6 k+ {+ j' I2 \# v
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* P9 }/ L% Q, N: T
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
$ ~( a* Q( H( C- ?/ v' y! ^% v4 J8 qpuberty in boys.3,4: H f" ^# K8 ~& ^! B5 b7 \
The most common form of congenital adrenal
" u7 y H# j7 {' ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 [/ {+ y7 h7 e( {
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
! G% ?9 t: K( G1 W; A/ Mexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,% e. G; R) B7 V4 K
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen" y8 x+ c9 l) F# e; A0 i @
excess.1,3. q( F, d9 Z+ n) Z: z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ F( C+ V7 g% s* h) x6 i542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
9 ~0 R! [% L( w6 H$ yA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
0 F: t) l, ]' E7 y. n; f6 h( q1 m) Zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ j) f! ]; |2 B- N+ g. b8 Pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ N. n; J+ ]9 G3 L: @2 Z0 X2 |! g
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
& A7 p$ I! a" b6 Ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, C1 n3 v8 G* y# Eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys Y- W0 R3 A0 U
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. L) j% s; y9 ^are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
: V0 D7 O- g9 H: N4 }* l" A1 \pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
( O/ m4 g, R8 }2 wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked/ m$ |4 @) s) \
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only! l+ X: X9 U8 `3 b c: C
males; therefore, other male members of the family
8 V& x' M: P# i0 o1 Z; Emay have similar precocious puberty.3
9 s4 \% q& g: nIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
+ l* j9 |0 F; E) Isistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-# H, p* H! T7 S: R* n' }
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: [# v8 K4 c9 `9 z }. A/ i k4 V
was in the differential diagnosis because his father; X; H3 q+ ~( A* T* ?1 N; U
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
) X$ _, j1 U8 a1 J0 wtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the( R0 s% D7 L# g) Y* U
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-+ g" U0 s8 f' F) r* F
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our( n2 y p0 J. U% F; H0 c2 w6 H1 K+ J' }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,! ^/ |: D9 v) n6 n4 ?
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 B* u" e* t1 F2 R( ^
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! r) D* ]* v" C
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( M* U) l2 v& y: V f! V' ~) k7 p
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' b8 L$ e+ c( ~8 t F
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 u7 B7 P m" @
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-4 Z7 a3 {7 M4 {( _/ z3 q
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
; W+ n2 X, ?$ odecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-; ?+ j; M! `! L/ w* H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 { @6 G* `/ v0 q3 y% ~4 r1 h; Jusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
. y0 v- P6 b; v2 [, JDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or1 k7 V$ O3 W: g; H
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 F$ h- ]7 m6 `% V$ y9 M/ r9 _2 ?unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
% q k7 }7 ^6 jSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% h/ G' B6 e0 S" O% k" l; }
baseline value in those females who were exposed to+ r% r/ i' G! Q& ^6 |1 V7 N% ?! E
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) V! I. ]4 j, M6 J, w# j
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-; U5 b- i; _4 P1 q p$ W
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, e, g9 m) @% {' I, JOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& y. j- b( c. n, K- G* W
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; B0 i& B2 Z. m, W' z( P6 W
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 t$ e3 p5 M, A6 q0 ?5 ~terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) o3 {7 K6 ]( s$ factive in young children exposed to testosterone
, I, \8 V, e3 w& Z! \* c, O0 ]exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ d+ J0 ]1 F- J$ h4 }drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
0 L5 X+ Y n2 |$ W$ b! P" e: xvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) H; C( e: Z% j* U
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
3 \8 {2 L; F3 S% X5 Wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 D; n1 P% b( f( A; Z$ vThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during/ n e, r0 _9 f/ U* q- J0 l
early childhood on pubertal development and final) n; X4 g" F) X
adult height are not fully known and always remain) P* h7 k* t8 L" e$ D6 e
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
3 a5 O! x1 d" q! n! v6 Y2 Eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some6 W8 D7 P4 i8 d: l- N7 m) h* t" A5 W
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after: d9 P4 b# Z2 v" A5 p, @
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
) d2 m' _" |4 F: T: a! [decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
* F+ K1 M. k5 K# }There are conflicting reports and controversy5 \( a( o0 x) p% V) _/ b' u
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( t4 J `; C/ y* `) p, ]penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
5 j: j5 o( i5 S6 ~9 gadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; [3 U7 c3 \2 ^( I( H" T; U' o
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
, c. i. R' k* A# k7 n3 e$ YSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) H4 C* W- |! `% V Qchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
3 }0 Y8 k+ d) }/ a1 hpenile length in clinical studies.& @+ m% S3 `8 \4 }3 m( i% a5 S
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, [3 p$ | v8 ?5 D, ~( |going to experience any of the untoward effects from
- b6 [; ], i& P% N. P2 Otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because2 x# h& V) r/ ~, X9 Y7 O
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
`: b% v1 [3 ~2 a FAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 L, N+ j2 ?' p" mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' w2 a9 N$ w9 D/ D! y- ~7 z6 kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
) E. R( t* P4 D* a& |. j. rheight will not be affected.
5 v% O$ K3 E% d% J$ |2 B& HAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-3 |( f5 U/ \* r* H6 \$ a- E( ?
ability of androgen products in our society may$ U0 k; M% Q: `
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
# d1 A3 l6 _9 P( z/ [* v" d; c, ^children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-& E3 k/ ~" s, \
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, Y: B* Z) o; k- s6 G1 I8 j6 ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 n' y" P8 g7 t# w) W( `8 Hgel should be asked of the family members during) F7 d& h$ t9 Q* R3 R2 m7 h3 s. o
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ Z/ n9 [9 C' C9 V0 ^$ Z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. }0 z, Z/ u) {$ {nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- v* R6 f# O9 A- K. ~; fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 w6 E. E6 h; F* e) A
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& ]- R9 s1 u; X8 [% u/ p" V
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
# a6 q/ J7 O0 W8 ginvestigation. The primary care physician should be
! W7 L4 s; d* P( a# Yaware of this fact, because most of these children
: ?$ _4 d A( [& k/ g) ~/ Tmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
0 M8 ] G, l5 c9 H/ |/ yDesk Reference and package insert should also put a. Q# z$ M6 Q. F8 @$ ]. k
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or V& f# e" X* J8 T; U
female child who might come in contact with some-% J+ l4 u! t# {5 W9 a0 M u
one using any of these products.
- N/ z/ V* y9 g6 TReferences2 H0 h( U6 e+ @5 n
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, d0 w: X5 c8 I2 H f2 b
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
) X" K8 M7 X! b6 _, w7 H, \+ A( xEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) i. \- S: a# _' v1 J. X
2002: 565-628." r$ [- {, B& a7 P' v1 T
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 E" _/ W: |) G; T0 H; W
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|