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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 D p& O' K" Y0 `
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical( H( t$ a8 R, L! H. i. \
Exposure to Testosterone3 n: E3 M6 e' D$ {
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,26 ?9 U. x5 `) i( _) v- n. U; [
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1: P: Z6 c$ K8 }' X d
Clinical Pediatrics9 [( {& q1 v0 E* z, _
Volume 46 Number 6
2 Y! s3 C0 M% H; W& Z) nJuly 2007 540-5431 t# L" |- i' v5 d, K
© 2007 Sage Publications
, t& k: _. q$ p$ E& L: z5 J10.1177/0009922806296651
0 o% r; Q7 T( O; N- Mhttp://clp.sagepub.com8 N& R: r& M4 Y& u% }6 P6 e
hosted at
) D1 Y& h1 S& ^http://online.sagepub.com, L0 y' p- C8 z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- k/ L$ }$ a. l" Dis a significant concern for physicians. Central' M+ Y( W) ^6 }7 `, N; U/ e
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 p( k. i9 P( t/ @# x
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
9 g$ z, l, X3 Z9 |a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
8 e. m8 D$ g- J7 i0 ^/ o! Klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* \2 L; {- G% A3 U$ [. ]! U5 Cby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic( R* [6 e& Z3 C' W9 \' N
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& m. P6 M/ V# R! R1 X3 E, W/ `) Z" J
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
$ r* u' s& q! N# j* |! h8 m* qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
% Z- E! u* C: `3 U) \enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. [+ U1 p6 g1 R) N/ x* z8 l% T' c
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due: g( M% B e# Y% q/ r
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ T% O$ V1 i7 H/ G0 gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
- _! ?; {8 u$ o) Qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this7 Y6 @' M0 {3 F- H: n v
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of7 K/ l! _* i' Z* |
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 n/ O3 a0 p i# \bly more common than the rare case report in the4 }/ v' q# O/ e( {& ~) p
literature.4: F+ Z8 V- I, D3 w1 t
Patient Report
" W# x$ N8 m! m- R7 T5 R JA 16-month-old white child was referred to the: H: c [7 w$ _6 J' N0 J3 L
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern- y s' t; t1 A/ y: C" R/ `1 M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed* _' j! X1 X; w% \3 G ^; a$ y ? L% J
light colored pubic hair development when he was
' W5 c, m- X$ `: }, f5 y. L( W+ yFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; D, Q a* G3 ~* S& _2 [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
3 {7 J, c; r2 r: N/ xAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,; g1 T2 q' m3 d. u! ?( z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
W9 m( O4 P ?* oMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 M" Y" W+ j( G4 Ae-mail: [email protected].
- y2 B Y! m8 G O Zabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" }$ l. Q0 E( @6 ^
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 I& Y* U' y/ S6 U3 Z' C( N
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 q+ n1 t& x! j$ E2 jwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* ~: U) S7 A5 L8 j; P8 K3 b
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
" z9 R; q8 d9 m$ ]% F, Z& }20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
0 X' w2 w, |+ y! rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
b: i2 x% K. I2 q( j1 e# i Wsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" ^, `, G( {+ E( }7 m2 G- p$ kand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- v5 L5 [% A' S& D, rwas age appropriate." a; a5 j; k* a# p! g6 m" i2 {, s
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 f% P+ e# r4 u2 o z9 {
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,7 ^$ K/ Q" O+ o: L
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s+ S5 P8 X6 O6 U" H# Q4 s1 [+ B/ a j/ ^* S
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& `9 U! X% `; {* u
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14. P- k w% X4 ]8 R, r) H4 h
The father denied taking any other medication. The
+ ?8 ~0 f" {" L, e5 K* _6 Mchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 D. X3 b' l0 C6 g# O0 M0 N0 i1 I5 ~
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
* ?: W& C% m5 Z, R5 F/ v4 w5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
5 Z9 r+ W1 k: e+ Y) c' jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-" V- } l; n$ {6 U9 u
tives. There were no siblings.$ F% @6 u0 }( U4 d$ l3 V& t9 u
Physical Examination5 F( W8 I$ P/ P9 P6 y
The physical examination revealed a very active,
+ X/ E& g! p3 J. q+ aplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 f5 `+ |- @0 i! R. u9 ?a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was3 D, [( k# C2 K! |$ ^5 Q U
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 X- D; l* E4 L$ O- l) L
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
; x+ T1 o$ e' Z2 m6 evelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of/ q0 ^/ J& P6 }' p+ N& Y* G' R
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ r r' g* i. ~& i. RThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 |# _' o8 `0 i" h5 Venlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 f% y5 Z5 \& }' F. P# s8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
6 x$ W0 T" L1 w: a% vdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around$ J+ q: b4 Z4 _% v" U
540
& V" c' Y" t0 G4 H# Z+ T7 i7 _at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; O2 M$ i7 S1 ]7 O0 R3 G( ~5 mthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 v( ?: s$ w& j! M* F+ n, c$ ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
5 R1 v! M9 V/ X8 d8 u Y$ J8 m" `The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. h* D2 C& h( t
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
8 o* g5 i1 Z' A2 ~5 O7 zabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! |4 a/ }6 a+ D, _+ j! cNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 l" ]) ]( x. ]2 H& @bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ |- s- H& K, D M, J4 ~. yof papilledema.
7 A# M ~7 z8 K f$ [" ]Laboratory Evaluation
. O7 c5 w y% N4 |The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
( |3 j, t, I! [3 l# M% q6 lusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' j" V- P! }9 P! [% v$ W2 Mlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 [- m1 z3 [( ^ q' f0 t) U4 Q" r
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: z0 r6 \, H% G* d: D2 w J6 U3 r, {
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) L, G' S+ C% t
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 T) {/ z0 Y6 d" U# gThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
) f; m9 o# U- ?5 Curea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# s- n/ m }0 W3 @within normal range for his age. The concentration. B7 v2 q! t. G) t& F* J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 U) p" p8 H {(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 a# n3 k$ j: x" @( H+ k3 F: B5 z6 Sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 O% s- T2 K7 _terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 J4 i9 a* L8 ]- G+ N- Rdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 J% F8 ~) w. r' f2 x49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 ^+ q& {7 h* e
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' n1 `: G! C4 {+ K
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
- _+ `: X! ]. l2 itestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ I7 Z3 x& J$ [7 F2 eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than$ x C4 r# R8 K. }/ D* k+ P
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular- a. b* h4 @: |, ]& t
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone! o/ H. B* {" y( A. k
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' t/ X9 s- |5 w! U- u: A(prepubertal).# w" T) C* A- N d5 s0 Z5 _ \
The parents were notified about the laboratory
4 [) N5 A5 _+ R) Q4 eresults and were informed that all of the tests were
2 Y; N2 K* |3 X3 ~! Hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
& {6 t- M, J% G9 ~) rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to/ \6 C6 Q* D; G! h6 f6 N
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 X0 D8 j0 a0 S0 w' \ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ i$ I4 l; x8 n5 k5 h8 v6 DPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
6 }: ~) w% Z% u( ~; schild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 N" x* t% ?8 N, t/ x
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 b6 E- v! }5 I: o" Gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 d" ]' p0 w% o, Y2 I6 V1 A A$ Ypletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; I, |( U8 C* W3 n
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2* @, J5 C! y+ {2 Y4 @, R e
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* R: |8 E: _) s, V/ [The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ i) Y0 J. [$ e; C: |ing frequent erections.7 j: _6 {" u4 D) Q0 W. w4 L9 D3 Z) r
Both parents were again questioned about use of
8 Z2 I7 L; O. u4 wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 a, T4 l2 V4 M6 R: i+ ^the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, r7 c) _6 c5 f/ a. GTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% Y+ {# }0 s: j7 Tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; x0 t) P$ h8 K& p' i5 u8 z
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: {+ i$ j; F0 n: {a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 Z. q6 p1 }5 w, ^6 ~to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-# L& T$ E& t, Z; Y& P: O
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
9 ~4 s5 J' ?! D0 \' Qsecondary to depression.
6 a6 S, t9 E2 _4 WThe child slept in the same bed with parents.6 O7 q5 R$ A- @8 |
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
, G. K7 M1 G+ d6 o8 _& [- Pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) I C. _, x$ r' ?nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 R8 z) D* e4 V7 z; O
The father also admitted that after the phone call,6 `+ n" e; d! f8 t
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby8 m! k3 c! {& O6 m4 g) N
was high, he then read the product information
" a x3 R4 Z/ m! M6 V$ {0 upacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! M6 X0 S9 b0 v( R7 i0 Dson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they9 p9 M# w+ v; `" U! C s
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the4 V% L4 `! T/ o. `- @; |
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( C% L J, B! y8 |1 i0 ?, _been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! m( k W* M' X- `+ V# z
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
2 \2 F, J& B( b3 Y; l( v9 f7 _+ F6 Klaboratory to obtain the test.0 e4 m) u& f! m2 n! t6 Y) V
Discussion3 ~, \4 V0 t7 @. N! R
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary. A' }# |6 F( C. ?1 t2 y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: ]# I. E9 g E/ p' \" bPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& i! w/ k3 m3 p6 W5 C; Sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ H. y3 n: ` v- y Mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-3 s5 Z$ `9 c8 k- j" U/ S* ?7 e" S# C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 e+ b b, ]" F, a8 ~. emay have a central nervous system lesion that is+ _6 }; n# D" z- y
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-9 b! M8 d X, r3 I9 c, X$ T
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 b1 _5 z- _9 P% ]
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" l) Q; @: K; W; Y/ I
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
- M, u( l; ]# U, l6 N& Eization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) B8 ~+ e6 \ \: g% z2 Srical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' N* }1 R' `9 y! u. Lgonadotropins.1,3! F: b* f. Z4 K# i/ M1 m
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-. v) K' R$ |/ b. O, H3 M6 R8 k
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: P& t: q% S# O3 S. vandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or( I$ t# M! y# D. R# `3 T
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 [( z, T+ K3 }* mulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 x, X( C: w/ {0 s% H/ U8 I
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
( `; v% i- i8 V& s1 Q1 W5 [& G) wadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
7 R, j: ?6 d& R$ j. x0 s& S; }puberty in boys.3,4 D$ q6 m) [8 q7 E. n
The most common form of congenital adrenal4 ?1 S [! K% c" Q* R, P% O
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( n1 X% R0 C$ x
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; `7 T7 ?7 S( } r( q/ {
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, `& d3 s$ X$ t0 zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ a k7 i! z1 f
excess.1,39 Q: C& ], P9 G& |, [
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 G+ r$ M* ~& e9 B# _. s! E: N542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' s7 w3 k0 A+ C* c3 s/ T$ l
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
3 G- ~4 ~! U3 P5 A# @& x/ e1 n& p5 }independent precocious puberty, which is also known9 J( m2 P, K0 v
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a, {- t& z, g6 O1 X+ ~7 ?
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
0 Z8 z& S M! i6 P2 f& y$ M! wwith this disorder are full pubertal development,8 P5 s% Z* Q, ^2 s; T) U
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
* g/ ]' O2 ^) Iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. r* L2 f& k# f- A( c5 oare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
& X6 Z+ g# Q0 c1 u2 P0 A; W" I+ Lpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
( x: k6 t7 }8 | j3 n% ^releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 ?% D2 R8 u% N1 B$ F+ x& k3 ~2 X4 c
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; j+ [2 ?6 H/ ~' J6 y5 amales; therefore, other male members of the family
. I7 b( P' E4 _; H8 Emay have similar precocious puberty.33 U) B, a5 U) j0 d/ O7 _3 b% }
In our patient, physical examination was incon-# C9 M" Z8 r j; u+ ]1 M- r$ ~
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; m S; N8 O1 _2 Q0 F& i, k% }2 Scles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. J3 z0 F L, H9 V4 ?was in the differential diagnosis because his father
3 y0 q) r: W5 ~" F F+ Estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& p' U$ j! B5 a, v Y2 m# X' ^( I% w
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
- G s+ A$ J6 m& c2 f% bbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
, D! O$ {: C4 Hative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 Q8 T4 y i$ J, g
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
2 O- J& L! W- x2 k( `either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; m0 P$ [2 i k p* m8 ]3 V3 P, }* w
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-' z. e/ |1 C* j! X- @, t7 D
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 `2 k7 Y$ `( C! X
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 c, Y/ U# _1 ^* ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
( Q, R* u# {, Athe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
4 {4 I$ J8 G! W6 z% ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
# R L5 E+ u: V+ `$ v S5 zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-$ c9 X1 s. N1 T8 f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: j. \& R) b$ x7 |$ N
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) o- E6 | b* e6 dDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# e. L! r8 o! k' x2 s Y$ `cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to# q' j2 _5 Y! G% C
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ \! T# n+ ^' Q4 X V% D9 I% `Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 B& X0 S% x4 ~. rbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
: p0 \' U' j7 Q. l4 p! yeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male6 B# ~1 u7 T5 ?0 _/ k0 B0 P, n
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
" _$ {: _. M; s% s3 ution site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
- o) r( X' F8 S8 Z- bOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,- g9 F# b6 C, m3 F6 {5 v
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! A) r2 b+ L( @3 D) X; d- G
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" ~2 i" c% z0 |$ |
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more* N$ l' y$ X0 T
active in young children exposed to testosterone
5 C( H6 C" }; e. k7 Wexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' Z4 a# J; Y9 s8 g# T$ ^% {
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
# s, s+ f3 W* J: P6 ^4 J6 }0 Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: n3 U: y; N- w
children results in an increase in growth velocity and3 W' C0 e& z0 }
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 ?$ ? {+ D- n0 x- g( B' uThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during* L8 \4 f; m1 A4 S
early childhood on pubertal development and final
% `# r7 d6 Z5 I, N% `2 B7 Yadult height are not fully known and always remain
9 G( I$ L ]2 |) i; O7 ]3 J4 xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% `+ s. M# c# x3 _; E
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some+ k$ ]2 S; n1 M
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
- O+ H: j8 W! K& D+ n$ V( mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- z1 P( _& ]9 M' k) ?
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
# R( [ F) b/ R+ TThere are conflicting reports and controversy0 i; C9 f: c- a2 K& u9 H
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ V5 ]6 ?- F- J) Y+ u2 wpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 g9 @. M$ V( e) N4 k, v' M: C
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-" ?% A+ P$ j5 W, [' Y9 a2 l
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! R* R6 U! l! q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between& e8 {( [7 T1 W- W* E2 O" M
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" r: E; c7 H7 u5 ~/ Zpenile length in clinical studies.
, Y" c1 A. Q" p# mNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
/ V t# W7 ?+ P7 F% mgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 T5 U' x0 o" H/ S- j% H
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 Z$ P; I: {: p5 D) K+ }- Qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
H- h3 B/ t( H1 G0 o, ] K) g9 H JAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 |" m0 u' i7 `, Z7 K# |diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( O; w1 n$ r. o! y4 athe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult& ~1 |. v) z. {. \* r# K: ?% h# M- ?
height will not be affected.
+ i( s; v j7 xAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
3 ?" h3 \% V/ Z$ N3 C8 }ability of androgen products in our society may+ ]* L5 G7 A. l! M( V; L. r5 n
indeed cause more virilization in male or female) ?2 I3 x( i, u. v
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro- H1 _6 L3 ^5 Q$ ^7 W; e
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
) d1 G0 E. ?( k. ationing about the use of a testosterone product or
) O$ G: f) R* a% f S! B Jgel should be asked of the family members during
7 c, }) m, X1 \. Lthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
- i* b$ C0 B0 ]9 W) Pilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
8 v$ Y2 s# D2 n/ Inosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 e+ @2 k# ]9 x: P0 o0 \ q8 b
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 i3 D+ X. z7 vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& B- T* h: S7 Q
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
' l6 o) N/ f5 n1 a- q1 Xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be' ]" P% \ b. u8 S
aware of this fact, because most of these children9 `8 R! z' R/ r
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
/ z k" b' I BDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
9 H6 T/ q) S4 X. awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or6 L0 z0 V. |0 \) I+ v
female child who might come in contact with some-
/ `. ~, J" C+ F4 k4 A: D3 aone using any of these products.
1 e1 {# v4 t. [References/ F# H- {5 e* j( } \2 O/ P
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
$ r/ u9 s- N9 T) ^' V8 {# O; H8 Iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* O/ L. i8 F, ^. @$ z& wEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: u, o% Q. T8 }0 w
2002: 565-628.
1 v1 X8 u4 _5 K6 G4 z( q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) ^; r, y1 B0 t, ~/ t. }; w& @puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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