- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
" a3 [4 _2 A5 J- t* ^1 b- FBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
7 K# o* O" s( AExposure to Testosterone
) m% C3 I# A, B; \! d: CSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" @/ G3 w' T* Z4 ]* `3 l7 nand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" j3 t2 p4 @' ^7 p
Clinical Pediatrics& \8 p7 {8 p: t! e2 Q1 i! y6 F8 U
Volume 46 Number 6
! E2 q4 @% o- z3 X3 t3 h" XJuly 2007 540-543
8 m' F/ ^! b) y8 q© 2007 Sage Publications
2 M! P5 y# ^5 P3 p3 e6 C3 x! W9 W# R10.1177/0009922806296651
' Q4 c6 c4 _& w6 q7 [! whttp://clp.sagepub.com
. w) r* u7 y- qhosted at, o- p; g- x8 r; {! \8 X1 \
http://online.sagepub.com; ?2 k n2 `% Z0 ~' P3 o5 v
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,/ h# n! l7 `0 J" I0 o: V2 F
is a significant concern for physicians. Central5 w5 I2 t0 Q2 ?4 P
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
1 t8 t& W! t7 P9 d/ }& Rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: \) U6 d6 e2 t+ l$ f! q0 P/ L7 F
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
, m4 C8 l" H1 R- W7 j: llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: q7 I) N! G+ {# \ Oby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic8 g& q- _( O9 G5 }
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) o( q" I& ?9 C! j B! H2 y
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 U6 J! g2 Z: f0 N- B5 w, Z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the( T) S3 u1 {* r; T* r
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
( }& q/ i& M$ d& Cment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" o( }1 F% n) Tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
' u) c: a6 Q9 ]1 e# ], y Dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-; Z Z" m3 x/ O8 N0 I
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
9 d' G8 c. p& t+ Y( M% n6 T9 tchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 W+ m6 n1 y( A0 Q$ F, I7 ]$ C
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-$ Z- b ^$ ~* B
bly more common than the rare case report in the' v7 k/ N4 p: H, n+ s' h& y
literature.4" f3 M: n- n8 J- Q( E
Patient Report
2 p3 z% f: j2 t$ w2 O/ XA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
. ~$ o6 I* V9 tendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern8 j9 ?' t/ z9 [% [5 K3 K7 l2 q' ?
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
' l8 \- h% P3 @5 T& Q9 A: O1 V( clight colored pubic hair development when he was
4 D: t. G( G8 Q+ y( W8 A) TFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
8 q' d0 d5 z7 @# sSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
$ h0 R9 g( i6 U+ X8 gAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, [! p$ W, ~ h0 |9 V6 z1 KProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of, w2 x* Q& J" N" h/ c
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
}0 `5 d% W* [: y De-mail: [email protected].& e, l; [" N) _, f: C- H
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became; p/ O* d& Q1 C
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) P- \' f8 ^+ a2 S! ~( h }ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 j! B* y9 e( d/ H1 s- n
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 [- E0 {# T- u+ za birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 ~# ]# e/ n! _" M& [1 f+ q7 X20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ y1 Q f7 ]2 q! Yof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
9 x1 E+ H) z5 D9 N1 Z$ osolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 y2 L v1 B: @+ K& j9 @
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
0 G6 K8 B0 J* H7 [5 E2 \was age appropriate.; z: N3 k# H% H, S
The family history was remarkable for the father,# v% @- a: k1 _+ U0 q2 L
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ E2 U3 @/ j U L. l9 `
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( e3 Y2 I$ v" T4 K$ u3 o& Iheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
\% D" j; c! i* w8 L2 vearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.# M- f$ V: W( `2 Y( g
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 Q5 i0 ]# }% Nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ h$ S& J4 l0 }$ {: N
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
+ ^# Y* q$ R5 Q2 X6 c5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-! o( G/ E7 H- o/ }8 S' N
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! e0 F; X2 O3 T2 t: b- s5 [
tives. There were no siblings.0 q) V2 F$ T9 X" s3 m
Physical Examination
( O5 ?/ v8 I6 A; wThe physical examination revealed a very active,: }2 M1 }( Q4 [+ I' |
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented3 P! S M* O2 p0 S$ ]' ~% P) e
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
0 n( l' M4 U- _/ J" p8 C90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg3 J( ]3 M1 E4 n! F1 a
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
* L) I2 r% U/ r# ?) Ivelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of: S; D) y5 m* B0 G0 L8 q- Q& f
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.! |* d! L9 v9 ~2 Z0 ^
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: V3 W4 b M8 k; nenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ F! c: ]% i" D6 E' X+ n8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ H2 W* s9 N% U4 }0 b, v3 ?7 ]. Hdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around2 {3 v/ h1 p g5 {8 y6 i, ~- b
5403 n, Y3 R4 p4 r* _% |
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 S! e- ]& u" xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
2 _* ?- ?" [. Mtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 W& C) @' r5 f7 e/ FThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat$ m# m1 A0 }3 J0 v, |
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
, U C/ a' s+ D( g. V/ W% c! Tabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 s* g v+ r# O, h; ^2 o+ ?4 |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+1 t6 F; m$ M9 z$ ?( i" V$ a/ F; W
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion7 h2 M& R( X6 x a. Z9 z
of papilledema.8 I6 r0 P+ z4 v9 `% R) ^6 x
Laboratory Evaluation
' [9 L3 E+ f( }. L% A6 {; DThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
5 _0 `) y% e9 Y( Eusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" C. O2 G+ `2 E2 _
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 D% k8 T( E+ z6 `' vkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
\2 {/ E1 z Mshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
7 x% M! E7 t/ S' _lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).5 U1 e; T7 {( ~+ {, p
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
+ G; Z6 C' f/ wurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
/ n/ s6 I ~6 y* }3 Qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration$ ~, k0 k' k1 j9 S" C2 b, k9 O
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; I3 O. v5 k% z/ O' X0 Q(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- g4 A% o0 l' D: i3 ?5 G" X) p' F rng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 N. ~! o9 T9 M" l5 ? \ K& mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
, z- m A7 n9 g" j2 Pdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 C! R" k0 y% i9 v49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 S" `7 F8 s- T2 V7 M
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
1 L6 v0 b- V2 \) P1 G* M- Wtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 Q. V( h: Q4 p9 k, B) R" \# qtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
1 f3 ^! B. V) V7 i* M/ Aand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 L3 w) S) D, V# v4 G. ^5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' `* p" l" v- N! w) O7 wstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone& b, W6 S. V, t5 S
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
5 _' P% I1 K; {* s' @(prepubertal).& ^- Q6 a6 @! f
The parents were notified about the laboratory
" l+ g8 q1 f2 L' \7 L* ^results and were informed that all of the tests were3 a# T3 k6 z4 C7 e4 N8 B9 E4 g
normal except the testosterone level was high. The+ [' b+ S A) H* B k0 H
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to6 C; t' [7 _5 z3 u- a
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-. r9 n" `7 u# o9 [5 P
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
" E' D0 ?5 k6 L! ^& _& K9 e6 e: lPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
5 z, @2 [. a" lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 l) S- T- `4 e5 {2 R
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 i. Q( z; ^& v; O4 F
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-# M. ^9 t& X3 a" Q6 }' k
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
" A6 l+ o4 Y& W r0 J7 ?$ Fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 ?' \2 O: x2 z/ T* _# s' G
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# H- |* S( {( e! G% }
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ j0 {4 ^8 J- @: Z5 Z! Z% qing frequent erections.- V2 D9 b) ], W1 m5 t; }/ e
Both parents were again questioned about use of6 B# A8 b+ m2 d: y7 a
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! J) L) E4 u# m- m2 D% fthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the* B) v! @0 s) X: u C4 L& C
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
6 c# Y9 v; V* a$ h# Q! Wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
5 ?9 {, Z) i2 [: ^* i1 e6 qing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' e8 O3 D- Z, e" ea year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
: D, z/ g* w6 E; I2 o. Oto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 m8 [/ X" t2 R5 Uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
8 A! @ d0 u! I# h% x( `, Esecondary to depression.: x h' y5 `' Y/ t) V( h
The child slept in the same bed with parents.; ~9 \# r, |7 Q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) B. S1 L5 H6 [3 p* q( S( u& Dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. U% S: X5 J, }1 t, K0 ~
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.; q* n8 V" Y# d B+ q% I
The father also admitted that after the phone call,, Z. b" U0 P; X" ?1 h9 l9 \+ R
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; z- w/ G3 J2 o$ \5 l6 G5 U
was high, he then read the product information
: G9 S k% y( u( J# ^2 Hpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( C/ h5 e$ } X- {, {! ~son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
1 q0 @1 |+ ^. v/ h1 j1 Udecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 v- E3 u/ P' U/ W
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' f5 i& l* T9 R4 g3 D2 R( j. }0 _been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 e4 K0 O& z# Z+ T" S& Z0 C
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the% T6 o# J6 l6 P6 t4 n1 F
laboratory to obtain the test.
2 v7 T( i) l+ K2 m3 r3 X1 r/ D! pDiscussion
m$ a6 O: ~& K% RPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- U& j0 S* F- q2 Y3 }2 R4 X9 T3 Y$ gsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4" d: C1 j1 P7 ]; F# k
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
( ?% h: A/ B- Q5 p5 Q$ [9 Git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, _4 }7 p3 X ?) b
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
& v5 I- i, e/ c, imon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP0 K; m3 T" R9 N {
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 k0 _- g) x% Qresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. r8 r( S. u! T+ t2 p/ ~$ kamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-* }9 Q; }+ G6 m! q! p1 \( H" L
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
2 [. [( k; \$ n, y* f0 x+ Cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ A& Q/ l2 t5 _* [# v" T$ }
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-2 O, A' z! U9 ~3 ]
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% S9 s! X% t- o
gonadotropins.1,39 K5 [: o* J. Q- `$ C' d
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-0 E$ a, ]6 J3 D* W
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate0 Z$ }, F+ x+ ^: t* ~
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
: U8 u+ a2 v4 @& ^) nexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
: L6 Q# w( @, ?ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing: M! b5 E( k7 v; C; B& i- L4 y
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive& c& Y5 J# v" Q- W2 j* l
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! l5 m3 q R/ A8 s% h. [
puberty in boys.3,45 N" F2 ?+ d8 O* Q U
The most common form of congenital adrenal" R Y$ P, J. K' f; u8 J- [+ p
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency. X7 D# Z! H, s
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* v# o/ H0 K1 c# H! @5 t7 B D1 Rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
1 h o0 C: l) H! Xan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen: M% v/ g* V' X3 N1 @
excess.1,3' E$ ]( n' M& i9 P
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. G5 P- N7 ~* S3 j& ~' T
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: z' y, \ Y) N$ U u/ F$ Z
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
, J$ i3 e9 K$ X' B Cindependent precocious puberty, which is also known8 z. ]' x5 T% `/ ~" y, ?
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a9 p1 l* f/ K' d
very young age. The physical findings in these boys! q! Q9 }& W8 r
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 t$ }6 B- N- Q. _1 Rincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ X. c8 p: g0 e
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
* K1 `, U8 Y/ K: O% r/ t+ g! }are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( M4 X% F) t* g1 Q
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ K7 }8 F- F7 W* {* m7 j
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
& H6 q) p4 f) }1 d9 yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; ?0 M K7 ?$ ]+ mmales; therefore, other male members of the family5 s; p `4 ~/ j( }" F5 g
may have similar precocious puberty.34 G! N# M: _5 [. l6 D5 [# _
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
5 Z f2 o* w! x7 Psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
! z- H0 F2 ?% u5 j6 Dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis6 X; [4 y& ]. {4 q' a; ]
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
# v0 Z3 t4 _2 W7 istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- V* s" x, \% F; ^ ~1 Utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the* \+ t1 q: M/ n0 q( f) E+ u
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 o9 m( x! {! Q; e
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
' c* P9 k( y5 @/ U! `8 r- X2 j5 U) obiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, ?& O) y( d* z0 p9 C4 T0 N) w. L
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase3 j; R) B' }$ e; ?. d5 V
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% d9 Z. X+ ]* |+ W! A. v( k
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids./ N2 S1 C3 C$ t _
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
2 q4 z3 h5 N% @+ W7 S2 Bsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because& x% B+ u/ F" B3 H
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) u) G! Q% J7 Lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ }* \7 ?8 y0 M8 F$ ^; a6 \, d- y5 ?
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-8 a5 u, j4 B, p
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was/ ?7 I8 U( T1 ?# R- g( O5 o
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) x, v4 y4 M$ n, A t" x$ z% }Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
) A8 M) s+ G8 V" ycream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
" ]) n! w; j) `unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- L$ t; f: P- A' z) ~Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the8 n# B+ S: T4 ~! G! h
baseline value in those females who were exposed to' ?) [# H$ o( [! r& H$ t
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
1 ]6 [0 k0 m* epartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-9 @( ~! |( g* C; w$ e
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
9 o$ S7 c Z! ~+ }% Z& HOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& H# _' H5 B. Y: l; o$ pwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that0 K- C o, t. a5 `4 Z" p9 m3 f' I5 g
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
& H$ K) ^( R$ n% Z. _4 Kterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" ~3 {+ R& B( g. C3 T7 x% F9 m
active in young children exposed to testosterone
, {* F+ H& `2 p! L: D6 oexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 Z! ]% u2 ~9 j5 H) O: bdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" ?* N+ x# C( l/ q9 v( \' w1 Svirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 o% s4 f/ X2 b0 b! echildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
/ d) L- l3 T9 m; ladvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! G. a! z: t+ ?. K9 L$ B) ~! I
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during) J, W( ^0 j5 q& U- K
early childhood on pubertal development and final
Y8 e& w, \2 e7 Badult height are not fully known and always remain
% J2 J6 t0 j: P8 H0 fa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- O) E( U- l! \, Y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 J" W i. e& P% v( k; {+ ] n
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 o9 e6 e" S4 \8 D/ ycessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& K! ? r& D6 x, cdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
6 [: Q! _, H! T$ OThere are conflicting reports and controversy; d9 f+ u( F! i& K
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult. d, B2 d2 F+ j, \2 F7 k/ ~ \
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal. \9 T& R' Q! G+ g8 F
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-# S- D" z3 w# f/ G) J
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' w4 U) X( v. G: xSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
" k/ a1 a9 w8 o: r7 l) pchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ R& a+ E6 _+ U i8 s' U& J1 v* Spenile length in clinical studies.' A4 `. g1 n7 `2 X& k
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* N" {; h' b* S* o# Q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
0 u* O. }& L; M7 z& M5 w* h) Ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ u# A/ e4 h9 _ e+ v" b, U. d
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time., A( d3 _7 V( L9 z$ Z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of u. t& i/ T$ r4 n
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at7 a# h6 I# p i
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! s! G3 ~7 \2 t/ g; E* T; Fheight will not be affected.' j, Z: @# g: v l
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
: v2 {- {$ U2 R( `ability of androgen products in our society may
4 m; [9 _5 r& m3 m, X/ n2 V+ [indeed cause more virilization in male or female
' O( B, O% }$ ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 i- m0 N) f4 v7 y. G5 {4 m& F
gen products must be considered and specific ques-0 p+ @: N/ K3 _$ D( L3 L+ t
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' D3 j, S. d9 jgel should be asked of the family members during, T1 M- F9 k# |8 S9 j1 f `
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-' M N' N: w/ j6 F' }' ]' O$ j% D
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
* ~$ s' R4 N9 ~, X9 ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by, |( f7 @0 V& Z9 ]' ?5 u1 ]
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a1 W) ] U( o* D! `
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 y4 T+ `2 g6 {! u) O) `
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive' B8 B3 z3 [# x. \) l* R& f
investigation. The primary care physician should be
' {! b+ G# H8 i1 j% G, D$ saware of this fact, because most of these children
& X: d( D0 e4 rmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’! r& k9 W) P6 v- |& W; z8 C' J
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
4 O5 m0 y B, t; Twarning about the virilizing effect on a male or' j0 M! A5 H- K S- K$ m
female child who might come in contact with some-) \8 S# @3 s4 ~- l8 V+ }
one using any of these products.
1 f# y4 R1 ?$ X/ U* FReferences2 E* V2 ^+ J# F, }" Y# U
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
5 z% D& s+ `: G$ z X1 U$ G2 Yand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric- {6 S! z: u, P: W6 _
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
+ U6 b% }- @3 ]% r" O3 N2002: 565-628./ o6 a% \" Z) L( H6 {* K: m3 w' r
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious+ A0 d/ g3 z; [7 N
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|