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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 i. S8 N  E  J  m* l
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical0 R: ]- C8 U# Z2 {# o
Exposure to Testosterone7 C* q) x8 ]4 f" `
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 E. O" l( c  T! c% R# L
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 @1 O" _+ M7 LClinical Pediatrics
9 H' x4 D/ w* d0 tVolume 46 Number 6
- r- A0 v% W: b- tJuly 2007 540-5439 z1 L1 s3 Z, \  l: R& o
© 2007 Sage Publications2 p) m0 b9 o- ~2 b
10.1177/0009922806296651' `8 g2 B6 _9 W5 ^! z9 ^3 t
http://clp.sagepub.com
; D0 I0 P" _+ vhosted at
( u" ?% J5 G- ?. N( v# B  chttp://online.sagepub.com
/ W* K3 y, [, ]Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
+ x1 z" j; z7 n) j! u1 Z: I0 z0 ?is a significant concern for physicians. Central7 Y. M1 G* K8 K- O
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- b8 `; h( @) H5 g/ g5 r( n
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! ~& D" y9 p! }' k
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system: C, L( Q: ^. a% \1 H
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* f! M+ }2 [$ l9 Y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
% L& G" h# ]9 c3 y! X& B/ whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
: g8 @/ Y2 p" `7 [$ lcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We! O$ D" F" Z  t
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the' O% C$ z. }- z+ y) I* w5 n! z+ @% D
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 ~! D% s# ^" }
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: M. o/ P, w0 Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% k) e! Y% _( F% `3 U  d) kthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! N/ a( H9 w' Dmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 \& S  s: y7 g0 ^5 |( C" y* uchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  U$ Q$ b3 h4 K* U; mtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-- {- i4 Q2 o/ U4 l
bly more common than the rare case report in the
2 A+ M4 a4 K8 C" u- f1 _literature.4
8 Q" x' |, S5 U1 _: xPatient Report3 \+ B8 Z1 d2 m& I9 `5 G* ?
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) y. r( Y! C. p: vendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 R5 u+ {& O% n
of early sexual development. His mother noticed- L2 v: k  f! p' S
light colored pubic hair development when he was- O% C- J6 j( [" q8 S
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
) _2 D" ~6 p& p) dSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( g8 l7 z! u: S, Z9 n" o% V& jAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
8 |: X' s$ t7 n+ [  H1 eProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
5 A, v8 ~9 w5 S1 S* {; }; U+ AMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;, U2 i9 ^+ E! ]! K% \
e-mail: [email protected].
1 {# u0 L5 T2 M1 q5 y# o. Dabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
; `. b: \/ G3 P4 [3 ~1 @* edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-7 C3 I' C) b, ?( Z+ G1 ~5 I
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child8 h  }7 m2 v' k
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" {: k1 X- s: ~) l( @, J; ~! m. k/ Ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of/ r- g& G3 `! m# B, \8 d: I
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, f9 V: x: H' f6 e# D7 g8 gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with8 O* n$ i8 C0 ^0 M  ]2 W
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
. v: I, H1 R2 [; V3 _- Hand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
0 w5 ]! K- @) R! f1 fwas age appropriate.6 z5 {" s* r, F; `! g
The family history was remarkable for the father,5 I5 l# b- r1 U/ P( C9 T
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
4 f, `% Y2 {# a; f" Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
. u% P( ^; U' q' lheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat, e( E1 B, U; q2 e  ^# {( @
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
; d6 u9 _5 a5 q5 x' P8 w7 E7 K3 sThe father denied taking any other medication. The
% T# \1 P) H' K# X0 Q3 v7 \child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ x" q6 Z$ m. x: ^7 c
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 G2 ?; K4 Z7 a8 n6 Z" S* l8 N
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
5 E! O, R3 Q6 a1 M7 ycocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-  R; Q3 m$ I9 {
tives. There were no siblings.
, C. y' l8 }8 M% }Physical Examination
% M+ a% L% T% u0 O6 i5 f; [) ?" }The physical examination revealed a very active,4 y& }" j- i# j, A% s- C. }
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
& J; e. G/ v# A; t. Ra blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: r4 _! `2 ?7 n9 F, W
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" h8 J9 ~5 t- T6 F; p(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
5 Y) Q: F- g  P* A1 U' Svelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of, m4 F  {% e1 B7 e- t
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.8 O6 E. N3 I( M# e) q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for9 \. F7 P  H0 [4 Q+ K" w. {
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of- ~2 b! J3 j* r& _9 T4 g* `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( W- b9 W0 o& Q, b/ l. T
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 F' ~; v, D, L' `
540+ T% B7 [* W5 z  c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 ^6 h) j8 q) k; |: t7 d; H' C' ~3 ^
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 s) q- Q* `/ _, L7 I3 o! Z" j" ?  _( f
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.7 m& u5 s" H$ ?( o
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
+ `! P1 P. F( s6 D3 woily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
% o4 U. F! j, y, a4 @% l% Q+ m, xabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; n  S- c' i9 v
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 d( k& @# ^% h+ e
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
6 |( g) w  z1 O6 ^4 v# S1 ?of papilledema.
6 v. l4 {. B' \: U! ]- m$ CLaboratory Evaluation
$ i" d6 k) D9 G1 uThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
: P' m$ T3 P, X% c% d6 H" Zusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
0 X; j4 U" @& f$ S5 ~/ nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
9 v( ^  D0 c9 e- ekaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 S1 B/ s% P  z; [
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
. _. w( j) b6 ?; z8 s8 ~/ llating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).. A( W) S$ q: u1 E
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
0 y2 a1 I9 m3 V8 e* {- h2 A9 w3 Kurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) Q8 h& c% W2 [1 \$ x
within normal range for his age. The concentration
" |% l+ L) U+ m( Q5 |, E7 vof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL; C; h% L: U! T2 m& B9 i* B& @( E9 Z
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ C0 @2 Z8 X5 R& z' d4 _
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; x- E* M9 X* {* D: t  kterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
0 z% h. M5 u* o6 J& a) }, kdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to3 ^/ D2 }1 R2 N$ ~4 s
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 s, V# i* W! @& U
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
) t8 K/ p% @7 U2 N& ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total! s4 V) a# i. N1 Z4 ]3 C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),( g& W) L2 ]0 S! @* ^4 _# D
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' c( h/ @6 ~$ e& q( C# v! O5 g
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 N! G0 t0 e9 z: V' q0 ~stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
0 B6 q- _8 k! P1 D. ?' rconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL# P7 d0 m1 n9 V6 [0 n9 a+ u+ @- ]
(prepubertal)., x$ c/ i" g" c2 k" ^: O
The parents were notified about the laboratory
2 o3 C# h- ?5 @8 L/ V$ F7 lresults and were informed that all of the tests were
4 g+ |) t' K) O8 f& t2 snormal except the testosterone level was high. The) k8 ]( [; `) m9 X) B2 X0 Q6 y
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
8 ~" V# k; P: X) ~8 [obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 A! m7 G+ x: z  iever, the family did not return for 4 months.
/ L2 o" {6 Q$ N" m7 o" |: s/ tPhysical examination at this time revealed that the! {1 g! a. K5 z+ u* \  T& d  X
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained. ^: G$ ?8 W( E! v. J7 e9 ~1 Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
) j7 X7 ]; Q; @9 Z/ k! ]unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-) ]. w7 I- J; C0 r0 o
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at' T0 p6 ~3 s% \5 z1 w
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2+ \) }2 i6 r( k3 x* ?
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.4 l$ t* ~7 R7 J- Q8 T
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-& O, E4 l6 `4 G! E; u
ing frequent erections.
% Y# W4 I" z; B" S0 g$ kBoth parents were again questioned about use of, n" @6 z; _# D, W& Z. ?
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
8 Q; A  v9 \" Y4 D. L: J8 h! Rthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the+ |9 n5 i2 F7 p! S, f  w6 t  y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 x! |) \; f) Y% }) z) _) j
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-( p# i5 X% @! U6 ~* Y1 M
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: w/ B' O5 f( W' G  V) L( qa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed  X0 O% y1 Y8 }/ Z( M9 b( E# J
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-3 r' i! N5 ^6 j2 f! ~
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
* m6 S9 U, E, h5 \5 t! Ksecondary to depression.
% a6 g& E1 I" B$ z& x& sThe child slept in the same bed with parents.4 |7 m2 t- F' |( ~
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his$ Q6 ^% Y0 q' A+ Y( V0 _
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 I% W& Y/ c0 j" z' e
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
4 f% m- A" B3 V7 |" W! p) p5 rThe father also admitted that after the phone call,$ r& p$ c- B3 |+ X
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 N! D, |; m& p1 I2 n7 L* uwas high, he then read the product information
2 S$ l( l% i8 M- s  Zpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-. t7 l! O/ W8 p* Z9 q5 Y& Q
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. O6 d* v" X1 g
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
8 Z- [4 i7 R/ C0 ]$ G$ s+ zfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ V0 N$ r2 G% D8 g. Ibeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) [" X3 B+ h7 D" x; W! v/ z% ztest was ordered, but the family did not go to the' a& Q8 s& m# @! K$ g
laboratory to obtain the test.
* I; f) J+ C# a- ?& J# \$ \( X; KDiscussion: @7 Q2 e/ T0 g4 q( d
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary1 b9 ]; t6 @4 }/ [' {
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& x3 D2 A6 I+ [0 I+ MPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ }" |8 Q( P5 ?# H$ D4 a6 I0 D
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' d8 D7 [* L. K0 P. K  y
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 V) g2 z. L0 z8 J
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP' ^2 q/ w2 `# _: {$ x
may have a central nervous system lesion that is) s: M6 z1 ^' ^' W! D7 b3 k' _
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 G4 y3 |% S; J) [3 samic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
  J: T9 L7 w, s) ssis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" Z- f/ x2 J$ O% h" yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
# ?! h. m9 |8 O" o& n* Nization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-2 {# ?3 a/ T7 e' `# D" ~2 t
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 z0 o1 s: r# B; @
gonadotropins.1,3. h& Z+ x$ i, @# V7 W
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-4 [9 |# |+ N3 A7 F" m
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' s3 g$ K" j9 N( G. j2 p1 o2 Yandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
9 X, {  [. ^6 eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 Q/ j$ \: k6 {" f
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 C  x3 w' s* x  a+ w8 l
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive& C1 k/ N! H+ O2 s. r: K; @# v: [8 @
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious. _6 x2 j" Q3 `( k
puberty in boys.3,4/ N+ f# j" I& {, e, g
The most common form of congenital adrenal6 Z& r( s5 j! t# w4 ~" [
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; C- l9 b1 Z4 m/ e/ b. HThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, [1 f5 m6 {2 V9 \8 b9 P
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 s- B% v9 r/ R# ~. j3 b! G6 Oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen: Q, S, y8 m( M  M. _
excess.1,3
$ v. g" X/ N' ?5 e( j, e2 ]/ vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ @$ ~4 l4 X1 ], k- ~& k5 U
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
0 S! B9 k/ @- g4 [/ S# u% _A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-, E4 V( \. B+ S3 R6 S
independent precocious puberty, which is also known" z4 J/ H$ r/ W( T$ F; |
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a7 q6 P; G0 z  k' b
very young age. The physical findings in these boys8 I0 Y) p, ]4 k0 Y$ H
with this disorder are full pubertal development,  A2 e+ J9 n% T1 X3 R4 I
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys# o5 y6 s- V# z* [. m; l4 T
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
3 y$ z: E% Z) ~0 Y: E  {1 v" i, M; Qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
6 y- {* p! o3 E( g  Z; @6 Spubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-1 M9 r( D) v5 W. ^
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# [7 X- W- K7 E4 p, @4 y1 Z  nautosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 l7 j1 l! L. Z' u# n
males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 G* \* O5 w# J& E1 {may have similar precocious puberty.3
- z- t7 K2 M2 k1 S& NIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
2 X) L3 _& F  \% S( M/ Asistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
8 G; ~  A1 ~4 L! h6 F/ l9 ?: mcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis4 h5 `, a4 ^/ P( ^' k" u7 F' ~: @. w
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% |3 \+ L2 m/ W9 Z. K
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' A. [7 e$ K5 u% |) H# Etesticular enlargement is not that evident in the3 ^( R# [; Z& [) A4 Q
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" u* P2 T( |( @8 i8 x/ S5 N' r5 [
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- M  D$ R# p9 S# N4 K; X! x0 D0 O3 Cbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# J* z! t4 ?$ n& I( q; l3 f
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# S$ V$ u/ e. n7 X) ^
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, h1 N; n' g' ^
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 u# j6 @" c% F# V% k1 [The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- ?. Q2 p" ]  s* B$ \
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because( G, u6 X5 `6 J3 O+ C  ~
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 a; i$ Q9 ?4 l2 Q) x+ Q
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# p, b$ ?; s. d
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-/ X# ^" D9 }, m& S+ B
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was, z: k2 w. q5 O" E
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’9 S' H/ S4 I- W5 `( I
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
3 y8 U; T2 c, I. p. S: g" v1 }+ Icream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
* m4 P2 W- }$ w. m+ Sunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
6 W  k% ?3 T9 E' X( \0 v6 OSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, \. \, j& P" e& B) v. _! qbaseline value in those females who were exposed to" Q: b% _; b2 ]/ T  a
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male  D: s, D, V& e7 w0 s& W& i
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! _& b; U% q  c. j: Xtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." j7 H1 I4 g3 u# j
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,( s' `/ D0 L4 r1 g: x$ C9 S' |
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
, x: W9 g% s# L7 M. `" Mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
* R  C2 d2 I1 Mterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- e' Z& k/ h* J% [4 Q9 W, a- J; u8 d
active in young children exposed to testosterone
7 O8 v6 W: S2 V0 l/ Eexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
% i; C) F# r3 hdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
. O5 M: W9 w" e1 w+ r) Fvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
! K+ q4 [( \& ?/ v* K/ W+ n" Q! dchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
7 g4 \: I# S* @, ^advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.: t' c" U$ h: w$ T, d
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ `( V! O: K+ X& g1 [0 `& Jearly childhood on pubertal development and final
9 c7 Q9 A0 ]) z* uadult height are not fully known and always remain
& e" k8 ^7 b: l$ Na concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
8 M- A6 o% @" ]terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
$ V. `+ H+ j' _2 g1 d/ yacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after1 `: y# s3 J1 A9 P% C
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation6 K! M( Z6 f' J1 Z: r
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 G5 i5 G5 C9 g' R3 i# I9 N
There are conflicting reports and controversy
& t; ^! ~: w, V+ c8 |over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult6 g3 \. w: r& _  s
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' f$ y4 I6 S, s3 k# t" s: T9 }& b
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 Q9 W* d5 P; q$ }* @) vulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,* g# v/ v2 I4 }7 Q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
8 E( x, }" Y4 C4 B* Echildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
( W4 u/ e) ?8 q) D# [0 ppenile length in clinical studies.) \) @# }& d  g) A7 w6 D4 a
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 |4 l, y7 t. B/ w' t
going to experience any of the untoward effects from7 ]5 ]3 S0 R" o2 S% H9 P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
" b' l3 Z* H5 C, E% Ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& N5 I) v- Y. Y' r. i8 @5 [; i1 ^
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of' o1 Y/ o. i6 B4 y* v( _, K  @
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at( O. I" J" O$ M% M% V! A
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 H" r! V3 x! t9 g8 k8 Oheight will not be affected.4 O# r+ ?2 ^% Z/ `1 P' g5 n
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
9 E& T, r# {) Zability of androgen products in our society may
; _( K. T/ p4 ^% }, R* q1 cindeed cause more virilization in male or female( E8 b1 k$ H9 v
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
$ U1 P; T) S  a( b- P" m! h/ Ugen products must be considered and specific ques-) o' {& A4 ^) X/ i  d8 C* g5 x
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
+ C8 o2 Y! t& b* ?, |gel should be asked of the family members during
' }0 l! T9 x/ Z" G8 n8 }the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
3 |5 l, X: E( R$ q: g" b1 Oilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 g0 |% ?  k% `* Y: q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by" I" e# O4 s" N4 n; [# Z3 {# f
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a, {# W6 z0 Q7 d/ B* m
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 y4 ~3 v. p& }
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
* z" E& S+ r6 {5 tinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
2 r+ T' f, r# Aaware of this fact, because most of these children
9 e. W! y6 m4 B3 d$ o* |0 o% ~+ ~may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’: _4 y; M5 W$ h) o. N  D
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a% x% z4 b: {: W; I! I
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
) k# Z6 C9 w/ s  f/ Rfemale child who might come in contact with some-
- W! N5 Z! T, O8 B. j* Xone using any of these products.2 F  H2 P5 ]7 ^: V" I$ t( l
References  A, Y, J4 Y6 R7 q! I. p  Z
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
8 R6 }* d4 e" m% j  A$ a  [and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ q$ ?0 H' T. b' T8 u( E4 i( VEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
( w: }6 ?2 D1 |; H- r0 r% o2002: 565-628.; ^; r3 y& T1 C+ L- [6 s
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
8 R7 E# v  B% S. A+ B2 ppuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
' r& s" v# [( O7 x! f- k% ?6 nBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 r' g8 Q* F% T9 B# W+ _8 ^0 VExposure to Testosterone5 \" ]8 t6 P4 D" n: f# ]% B) T
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
/ o" {+ c1 v8 e$ K0 |! Pand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
* y: r. j3 ]% NClinical Pediatrics
( ^/ J' A" w) r6 T' D1 AVolume 46 Number 65 K3 [" l) @3 o2 o# M- \% ^
July 2007 540-543
8 i2 B# a& ]2 I© 2007 Sage Publications
; j* |! [5 o5 R: t- C10.1177/0009922806296651
8 C* P9 l$ B! u6 S: x; x9 Mhttp://clp.sagepub.com& z6 Z* B# Y' d& D' H
hosted at! l2 S7 K, n$ y% [2 O
http://online.sagepub.com0 y' p- h/ z) _
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
) a9 t/ C7 g* H9 A( Tis a significant concern for physicians. Central3 s6 d8 T2 W3 B! b& D1 P. B
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated3 L9 |: j% [3 o, l- R- \. g$ a
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has, ]7 }5 w$ ^: m% p
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
9 Z# a* f# v' Slesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
/ r0 ~3 o: W' Pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) i" e7 Y0 ~: j5 p
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
9 `) b& E; Y% _+ N! y+ x% Vcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: S4 Y, a1 i* ?report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
) @0 _8 u' O: p% ?4 h5 u4 menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 g" a, x: [1 G  vment without testicular enlargement, which was due3 u2 C  Z# X! y: I2 |; k) z/ g5 y
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ C) _5 c+ v0 Z0 [the father. The family initially concealed this infor-  F+ m' f' {9 z& F! j6 |
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this, K/ O9 x! \# T3 Z, x& c  @1 S
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of8 y) N1 V2 v& m- [" P9 u
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
  [, B( E5 v: y7 T% F, nbly more common than the rare case report in the
, Z7 B$ r' G2 @5 E$ Iliterature.4
( W0 l1 J, \  ~, R8 b( l0 tPatient Report7 R- A" J9 O, i& g! m
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the) }% c7 K7 z) {' l! e) j4 a+ x( Z& c
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ s! S3 T: I: _* mof early sexual development. His mother noticed3 s2 d7 z, Q7 ]4 \: `2 R' ?1 `
light colored pubic hair development when he was9 \) d6 Y* N' K# X7 t" o
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! r! ]1 q6 Z9 VSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ `- p5 N4 y( B4 B/ F5 Y
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' r8 P) ]8 ?* ]7 B6 C& E* ~9 T! q  ], t
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of, ^. u5 X$ |: d. Y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;- ^; t$ L( E, \; E. O2 F
e-mail: [email protected].
8 s' `. {& V$ \) e3 I0 K) A" `about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
4 L  |+ _" {3 [2 e2 B) ?+ @& Kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
* T1 ?! ~* M7 _/ _) ~6 ument of his penis and frequent erections. The child, u' c7 L! y9 y, e5 m. W2 U. y9 t
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with& O* |: {( o7 Y2 T" z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of1 K: j- f- G% ^2 X3 _* z6 G
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year1 Q0 [, N' s0 G  T
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with- E+ h; i+ X5 t" x6 ?# A  O
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 ^2 ?. [6 d9 g
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 q' F+ z; x& t+ U; D. K
was age appropriate.
+ z) E2 G8 v) N( P7 t# XThe family history was remarkable for the father,9 m" B! D% e# W  [% g$ V9 \
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' T4 P+ N7 g# u, n
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s/ h4 e, C! \  k/ l8 F* E9 H
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat' M5 e. u) b( E
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
7 x. x- ^# G4 Z0 `The father denied taking any other medication. The9 N' m; K2 Y6 {8 o& w0 H2 O
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ z. V' P4 p0 T/ ~) j# v1 k$ Mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet. O/ [6 ~3 H! v' L0 p
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" t, s' a, G- k& j$ k+ b1 M# w
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 T2 c' z* s3 \. b7 O5 y" dtives. There were no siblings.
3 D& X4 Q( {3 G* S! t0 LPhysical Examination
& m8 s1 I! P, Y( |4 B, mThe physical examination revealed a very active,
( a9 s* y) U/ Z6 f; ?+ e/ qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
" N/ k0 c+ D6 n: W9 I% ja blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 C" t6 B7 A! L2 m  k2 K$ R90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ C. L# D. p9 C5 ~! E4 @(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 D6 o+ e' O6 `; ?
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ Y# L2 u4 w7 o6 A) W1 Y6 F' s$ y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. o* y7 N$ o' K0 q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 ?% H2 H! v; D% Yenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 G# w: h1 J! k0 ?, X2 h# _
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! \2 ^, F/ j" F4 `+ v
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around* O/ s3 y' H2 p: s- q
540
! V6 ]8 S* p$ F" o- D. l0 Rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- W( V8 R8 x% L) H7 p7 p
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The  ?3 e7 a# o2 r$ S! V+ {( Q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 E# e4 o3 E. w. \The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
1 j: l$ i% x6 y# }# {* \' doily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 f( @1 o8 I' u7 z5 l: X3 N$ labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
* f) E: R5 w0 p1 H+ _Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 `# {: ^. A. @. ]6 j' W' j
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion/ b. _3 r) x* f2 [! ?0 }$ d7 w
of papilledema.& W3 [0 e( u! w* S
Laboratory Evaluation
8 w  W' E" d. X& YThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by' J, P! b1 @" W
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 B. T- X* S* ^
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( \/ w( O+ f  ekaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test- q* M4 ~, c/ c* R) C$ s
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. |- ?. A8 W! S) J% A2 e' C% T
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 H) J% N1 Q2 D: a/ x% g6 z5 _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' M, J6 @! M5 k5 o( ^urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 l) J/ @/ A2 c2 n
within normal range for his age. The concentration1 E9 [7 j. U7 A5 c, p  d5 x
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL7 G  {4 l' l% p9 |! G# ~: j1 E
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 K0 {- h* s1 \& d6 M$ c
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 N2 M! w$ F9 h. R* w5 d$ F7 B
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
* Q5 ~6 t# v/ ~. k( B# y; V3 u, J% Ldesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ `1 a, F, ?4 R; B
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)( z8 {: m" s0 v. L9 F' Z5 [7 {
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
  C, H7 P6 t. qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 k/ u, v+ p, d( K
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),/ j7 D2 [6 L; y+ ?1 b* S
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
+ L  L6 b8 h! S& T' ]5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 ?. I( ]. f! q' ~% F( u
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
% }; G. V$ @- T/ oconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL0 r1 \8 e4 s# m( {  b5 b3 _, f
(prepubertal).
% i4 s) M) n$ Q4 q4 n! KThe parents were notified about the laboratory
- X$ c' J4 K5 Y( j! vresults and were informed that all of the tests were
9 b" z7 g' l) e4 Z# y, j/ @# D8 Unormal except the testosterone level was high. The
2 Q+ j: q/ m% m7 E2 ^follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 U, N  X* ?3 gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-4 ?7 w# y) i' H9 F+ P- d7 I
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
' W7 t6 t! \/ k: z" f" ]Physical examination at this time revealed that the, e2 D" h8 b9 ^; y8 |. b/ ^
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained' z# ?; G( l) b( _* p
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 ~2 u: n3 H! p. A6 I, P& H
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: k/ C0 J3 X7 m4 J, h5 |pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at7 w3 C! g' h: H5 |& ]5 L: P
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( K/ C) b* X6 L- T' q( Y
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% F$ e% |+ }: I2 M# sThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 ?& U2 @# }8 K" w! Xing frequent erections.
6 _9 q# U4 w) b4 ~Both parents were again questioned about use of
* C2 Z* h8 W# e/ ~, ~' Rany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
; d. d- o4 M8 l4 g6 u) t! `the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
# t4 e9 ^9 K6 F: t" g# @Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541  V* j4 a* S* M
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' u; ?5 y: }  T) Iing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 `2 E5 t+ e* H
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed& [# T9 z( |, d& [
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
* w" D+ s2 a9 _9 Q& [scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
; \) m+ c) E! J8 C6 e  o9 Rsecondary to depression.
( B0 S( D6 a9 G7 p' U) ~The child slept in the same bed with parents.- @% j' U  ^5 a: l* I
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 a! d; x) n! }0 Y' A/ \. ]8 q* Achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-2 E( h( U# M5 m; c' ~
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: f! G; H- t" }8 ~) [
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ @' d9 P2 v3 O9 ^$ Bwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby0 `& t8 x5 l  K) K8 w" @
was high, he then read the product information4 ~, F, }# e4 c3 H8 K7 [
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-; ^. o1 s* W, N5 J* ~6 w
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
# p; |9 G/ Z- p: mdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# a% U( o, B' N) [* B6 Sfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had9 a6 W  c' c9 v
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
  f% I# R$ Y, m) }3 A1 i/ t5 O2 Vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- _/ v" o) s" F! [" Y6 w/ Ylaboratory to obtain the test.# H- G9 h4 S$ D  R& s5 R1 y
Discussion2 n: Q/ O' Q( d) N7 O
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary  J9 y. p$ J# b2 f7 R
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 `+ R  l/ j: E# n' ~$ Z9 pPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when% ]$ C: U0 U% `8 \0 l$ p. b5 B
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) k& U% Z- F- Z, S. s( W0 r* ^: |$ Athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
4 z) Q) ?( x. R- D; Mmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% v' [5 _9 c, U# ^8 s, V
may have a central nervous system lesion that is% C& `/ @8 a9 u9 L' w2 S0 a
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 a( I' r% n# |$ ?$ r+ H4 t
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ n5 ^6 r+ n) v( s6 l
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 q) I* y0 n9 R% [: Oboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-( [% i1 H. w6 o7 h1 X
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-6 n8 Q7 l; O7 G% s1 `2 O
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! W+ m  e& B* u8 o4 \7 y  `gonadotropins.1,3" f6 @# R& K+ Q6 c9 ?6 \: A2 ]- T
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* M$ P! D: W0 w- X: ^
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& x- i0 c" _/ b: b1 o  j& l% X
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
. S" o: F% `; m, W, @  T9 Hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% K- ^0 [+ {5 Bulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 O! K$ ~- e: {6 k+ {+ j' I2 \# v
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* P9 }/ L% Q, N: T
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
$ ~( a* Q( H( C- ?/ v' y! ^% v4 J8 qpuberty in boys.3,4: H  f" ^# K8 ~& ^! B5 b7 \
The most common form of congenital adrenal
" u7 y  H# j7 {' ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 [/ {+ y7 h7 e( {
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
! G% ?9 t: K( G1 W; A/ Mexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,% e. G; R) B7 V4 K
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen" y8 x+ c9 l) F# e; A0 i  @
excess.1,3. q( F, d9 Z+ n) Z: z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ F( C+ V7 g% s* h) x6 i542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
9 ~0 R! [% L( w6 H$ yA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
0 F: t) l, ]' E7 y. n; f6 h( q1 m) Zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ j) f! ]; |2 B- N+ g. b8 Pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ N. n; J+ ]9 G3 L: @2 Z0 X2 |! g
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
& A7 p$ I! a" b6 Ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, C1 n3 v8 G* y# Eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys  Y- W0 R3 A0 U
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. L) j% s; y9 ^are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
: V0 D7 O- g9 H: N4 }* l" A1 \pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
( O/ m4 g, R8 }2 wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked/ m$ |4 @) s) \
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only! l+ X: X9 U8 `3 b  c: C
males; therefore, other male members of the family
8 V& x' M: P# i0 o1 Z; Emay have similar precocious puberty.3
9 s4 \% q& g: nIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
+ l* j9 |0 F; E) Isistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-# H, p* H! T7 S: R* n' }
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: [# v8 K4 c9 `9 z  }. A/ i  k4 V
was in the differential diagnosis because his father; X; H3 q+ ~( A* T* ?1 N; U
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
) X$ _, j1 U8 a1 J0 wtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the( R0 s% D7 L# g) Y* U
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-+ g" U0 s8 f' F) r* F
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our( n2 y  p0 J. U% F; H0 c2 w6 H1 K+ J' }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,! ^/ |: D9 v) n6 n4 ?
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 B* u" e* t1 F2 R( ^
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! r) D* ]* v" C
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( M* U) l2 v& y: V  f! V' ~) k7 p
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' b8 L$ e+ c( ~8 t  F
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 u7 B7 P  m" @
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-4 Z7 a3 {7 M4 {( _/ z3 q
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
; W+ n2 X, ?$ odecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-; ?+ j; M! `! L/ w* H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 {  @6 G* `/ v0 q3 y% ~4 r1 h; Jusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
. y0 v- P6 b; v2 [, JDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or1 k7 V$ O3 W: g; H
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 F$ h- ]7 m6 `% V$ y9 M/ r9 _2 ?unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
% q  k7 }7 ^6 jSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% h/ G' B6 e0 S" O% k" l; }
baseline value in those females who were exposed to+ r% r/ i' G! Q& ^6 |1 V7 N% ?! E
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) V! I. ]4 j, M6 J, w# j
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-; U5 b- i; _4 P1 q  p$ W
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, e, g9 m) @% {' I, JOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& y. j- b( c. n, K- G* W
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; B0 i& B2 Z. m, W' z( P6 W
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 t$ e3 p5 M, A6 q0 ?5 ~terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) o3 {7 K6 ]( s$ factive in young children exposed to testosterone
, I, \8 V, e3 w& Z! \* c, O0 ]exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ d+ J0 ]1 F- J$ h4 }drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
0 L5 X+ Y  n2 |$ W$ b! P" e: xvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) H; C( e: Z% j* U
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
3 \8 {2 L; F3 S% X5 Wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 D; n1 P% b( f( A; Z$ vThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during/ n  e, r0 _9 f/ U* q- J0 l
early childhood on pubertal development and final) n; X4 g" F) X
adult height are not fully known and always remain) P* h7 k* t8 L" e$ D6 e
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
3 a5 O! x1 d" q! n! v6 Y2 Eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some6 W8 D7 P4 i8 d: l- N7 m) h* t" A5 W
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after: d9 P4 b# Z2 v" A5 p, @
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
) d2 m' _" |4 F: T: a! [decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
* F+ K1 M. k5 K# }There are conflicting reports and controversy5 \( a( o0 x) p% V) _/ b' u
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( t4 J  `; C/ y* `) p, ]penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
5 j: j5 o( i5 S6 ~9 gadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; [3 U7 c3 \2 ^( I( H" T; U' o
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
, c. i. R' k* A# k7 n3 e$ YSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) H4 C* W- |! `% V  Qchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
3 }0 Y8 k+ d) }/ a1 hpenile length in clinical studies.& @+ m% S3 `8 \4 }3 m( i% a5 S
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, [3 p$ |  v8 ?5 D, ~( |going to experience any of the untoward effects from
- b6 [; ], i& P% N. P2 Otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because2 x# h& V) r/ ~, X9 Y7 O
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
  `: b% v1 [3 ~2 a  FAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 L, N+ j2 ?' p" mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' w2 a9 N$ w9 D/ D! y- ~7 z6 kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
) E. R( t* P4 D* a& |. j. rheight will not be affected.
5 v% O$ K3 E% d% J$ |2 B& HAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-3 |( f5 U/ \* r* H6 \$ a- E( ?
ability of androgen products in our society may$ U0 k; M% Q: `
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
# d1 A3 l6 _9 P( z/ [* v" d; c, ^children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-& E3 k/ ~" s, \
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, Y: B* Z) o; k- s6 G1 I8 j6 ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 n' y" P8 g7 t# w) W( `8 Hgel should be asked of the family members during) F7 d& h$ t9 Q* R3 R2 m7 h3 s. o
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ Z/ n9 [9 C' C9 V0 ^$ Z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. }0 z, Z/ u) {$ {nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- v* R6 f# O9 A- K. ~; fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 w6 E. E6 h; F* e) A
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& ]- R9 s1 u; X8 [% u/ p" V
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
# a6 q/ J7 O0 W8 ginvestigation. The primary care physician should be
! W7 L4 s; d* P( a# Yaware of this fact, because most of these children
: ?$ _4 d  A( [& k/ g) ~/ Tmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
0 M8 ]  G, l5 c9 H/ |/ yDesk Reference and package insert should also put a. Q# z$ M6 Q. F8 @$ ]. k
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or  V& f# e" X* J8 T; U
female child who might come in contact with some-% J+ l4 u! t# {5 W9 a0 M  u
one using any of these products.
- N/ z/ V* y9 g6 TReferences2 H0 h( U6 e+ @5 n
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, d0 w: X5 c8 I2 H  f2 b
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
) X" K8 M7 X! b6 _, w7 H, \+ A( xEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) i. \- S: a# _' v1 J. X
2002: 565-628." r$ [- {, B& a7 P' v1 T
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 E" _/ W: |) G; T0 H; W
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
累計簽到:11 天
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
累計簽到:3 天
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
' s$ v% I6 z6 b% w* Q3 l0 I8 e
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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