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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
2 F- d, X( c- E% b! A" k$ _# ?; u& Q9 |Boy Induced by Indirect Topical& X( O$ x1 _/ a+ r2 a1 L5 t
Exposure to Testosterone+ z5 k( W; ^* P+ p/ q$ E
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. T. N; K2 Q8 U* t2 a2 s% Aand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD19 i9 L4 b( o9 A" ?& R
Clinical Pediatrics- d ]) A- [ f" C4 b
Volume 46 Number 6
0 p( r9 @* e, k" KJuly 2007 540-543% y( k$ m5 o0 l" G. Q: y# I3 g
© 2007 Sage Publications
' \! I( l0 z% G/ n10.1177/0009922806296651" V4 @( |# {! h: ^" P8 L" C
http://clp.sagepub.com
- l. R6 H' t; _% J8 Bhosted at; q$ q) t- I a" [: v5 i) A
http://online.sagepub.com
1 ~, v$ S. B7 L BPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,# i% p* l1 }1 W( l8 Y- h: f! s
is a significant concern for physicians. Central; \$ P$ J0 ~/ a& c
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated, L" I3 ^( t3 d- a# x+ ~
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
" J" D& e2 r9 k9 n" Na higher incidence of organic central nervous system" t- R) i* P( e( w" z3 m
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 u5 @( _: o* R# W# c
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic! t2 V0 H7 ~& b
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-( O( S; B* R5 u6 ~+ j, U
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 |. W+ q9 Z" G; ]) Jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
2 T: \# D7 N! nenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: v! |8 z4 u5 y5 d
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
6 x5 ~' k' g$ Cto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
' E V9 X7 Z3 X/ J3 qthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
4 i$ P& e L1 k9 Q; _; v' Amation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this. d- S' {# _) J3 N7 }/ n( B, [
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of: I* l. P+ v7 U# E2 H) m8 e
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ p. v: D1 `. a( W
bly more common than the rare case report in the" O3 u ?0 ?. z+ I O8 M7 I3 r
literature.4
3 t* n; G, q$ {9 L: F/ Z' kPatient Report* p/ k" c' E1 Z
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' g% m4 F; s8 l7 |& V" bendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' \# S, }7 p' @5 C) w+ v% Q
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
; a D8 Y, D1 N. g+ Nlight colored pubic hair development when he was8 g1 ~8 y% M# N8 L% {3 f
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of% v% K- d/ u% U# F
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.. U) ]6 N! n6 b, }
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,5 r# ]* A: ^5 m; f q6 e1 I0 A9 i
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 o& m* V& d* F2 w& {# J% ^' O) `Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) Y8 j) ]6 T% u) ]+ v: s: Te-mail: [email protected].' n2 U& x- `! A' c, V' C' ?
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* C, [' }& h D- _5 Tdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
8 u4 K$ Z. h o8 N& Z% J9 S* P. qment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
+ A, ~4 W% j, x) `2 fwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( d$ x: R, w& @% c6 z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of+ y" V+ q0 P; y5 L' s
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year) _: T2 Q" c# N2 \! l# v0 O
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with: S+ j9 e5 x* q' @; |8 J' Z
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 {$ w6 B0 R# ~7 A+ S1 X c
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 z% V/ f f! R2 w( D- m
was age appropriate.
" P T1 J7 O! F4 P l" I( ^' z( UThe family history was remarkable for the father,# |9 T2 i% d( L% u% ]
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: S" D( A6 M9 b% \: [. zwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
" Z7 A. p9 u* l6 b8 }height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat6 A2 g# Y/ l4 I8 G
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# l0 y: j3 f3 Z- ^6 u. t. LThe father denied taking any other medication. The
1 ?! M0 u- Y0 N. M6 }# F9 y. M; Uchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
, Z& U# V2 b4 m E8 Bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 u% u0 Y4 V+ e, i
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-' K. B5 v) c# l, ~9 x
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
' ^: g4 a h! e6 ?, m, l* Ytives. There were no siblings.
; S& {, _7 U+ B! j Q- ^Physical Examination
9 Z6 K$ T! z: w; ^4 TThe physical examination revealed a very active,
8 W# T/ ~2 r* j2 [playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 q, e9 D R! M1 u4 a" oa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was1 `: O# Z' |4 A1 p
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg4 Z! I4 i, h' Y% y* d
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. q9 ]2 n. S* c$ B- w0 a
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ z' J( Y$ G y4 y. V% Q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
; I/ A! p1 {2 }- k, YThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. k" ~- U, j2 f; xenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of' K) F6 [ {0 a0 s# e' _% m p0 m
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well1 R$ y, L( G0 ]. d I7 p* _! R
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
q- b( ~/ g& r. ?& _ d5 Q% D/ R6 M540/ V1 l* r+ e0 t/ ~0 V& m
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# u; E4 d2 _3 Z- n4 X( Ithe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
, u' R5 z1 {1 t% `2 t$ r5 htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( K4 f* P1 O- H
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat5 y" O( [# m* @: r6 V3 a
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ S* o4 r0 E5 t
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
5 @. I, n. P/ SNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; q$ s( x8 C, I: d9 q z
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion/ |) B. T' n7 \, E" Q, [8 p, F3 P' X
of papilledema.
; n' W3 |3 E+ n9 K. B" Q. I8 ^Laboratory Evaluation4 C3 n: b9 ^, W( H7 H6 r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by( I2 G9 }! k$ D' Y8 E" _
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-, X b$ h+ \! W7 I
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
5 z3 }5 z" R0 o/ k2 W- ~0 z; Vkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 B$ d/ N9 g8 K6 Dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
2 l/ U2 G7 j5 W4 K P: Tlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
, m o& R% N( K% S0 G: XThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
( K% i5 A; { O! P4 F1 J) qurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were- h( c( c4 ^. x7 R4 s
within normal range for his age. The concentration8 c$ [# ~9 ~6 x: u- e+ X# r
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
$ e1 E% d% q, q- i: ~$ o(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ W3 X9 s2 d0 y: t! h
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; S* i" [/ ~# J8 gterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ {- Z9 B$ z8 J3 g, h
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
$ K; n: T- |; Q$ o2 k49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
% E2 L6 D' f: h1 Z" u1 P# u9 b' dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-2 x5 i: n5 A) s, R, m, R
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total K% G. Q- o' Y4 p
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
% M' B" O' R: z$ Z5 P* Band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than" M1 t0 w4 _' o9 q& O9 Z: I
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 g ^+ l2 n+ A
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone8 p- V" z( K* Q
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL2 D/ w( K# b' | R2 ]
(prepubertal).
9 l- N* Q- J0 [: |The parents were notified about the laboratory& v( i* {# W, e
results and were informed that all of the tests were0 J! V; N1 S6 _# n: Q
normal except the testosterone level was high. The3 u( q1 z% E) @9 g; G* j1 B9 i
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
5 y% X; j2 P/ n- m( robtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-5 p% ]+ Z4 \/ x! ^9 i# Y0 c2 q+ ?3 l
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
7 o( K4 l! Y$ E# ^Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 W+ L% J+ G, x' S2 P+ Q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
8 `/ S/ ~. w! A' t* A2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 A9 u5 K$ W$ d5 H' @5 y- bunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-4 n1 H& x0 h! Z- v
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
+ z# g' l" q. q! |the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2$ n8 q* I' m) M% X
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.! E& B y" J% a0 B4 @7 o7 u
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-3 d U v8 T" e1 f# M6 Z; h% o
ing frequent erections./ i- A) K, H) C, Z
Both parents were again questioned about use of& O, W1 B0 r6 p. f( I
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
6 s" @& R! l, U3 f$ Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the% ]9 H5 v% R0 t$ k$ a) Q9 Z
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% E6 E- n7 U: Q, ]7 _$ Quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. i) B4 l6 ]2 k a, b8 Uing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
; ]& B; P, y) p1 Q! ta year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed5 [! r3 w4 X( a5 v" a
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-( \4 f2 L- B# L
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
X4 f* x& a3 x: x7 }secondary to depression.& K4 j* M! `$ f0 f; W6 U
The child slept in the same bed with parents." _' b* B* S3 F* t& W* D
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
: x' _( M$ v3 ], F: ]chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
4 p# U& I2 `' F" u# fnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
; a4 O' ?1 M: e B: @% J9 ]. lThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
: {5 T5 u$ J! ~1 kwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby& f& l; O J# I* M
was high, he then read the product information) v5 @1 S: M7 n4 X- T
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea- U: I5 d3 Y# K
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
5 Y1 ]8 F" N- K+ ^, F* Gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the2 ]- ^! v" O' X Z/ p# Y
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
D9 a9 W! A: I) Q4 n) Gbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone* \) S6 M: L: e
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the# ?# J+ G7 P5 j
laboratory to obtain the test.# T9 ^. b9 l8 P1 @7 Y: r% E4 x+ D
Discussion5 o9 j+ k; C+ h, {: A( d
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary$ @5 c$ e# z* a$ R' c j
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4 p# U8 ?1 o- X+ N* R4 W3 }& @
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% k1 n6 M7 i: F/ Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
7 _5 v/ r' S; z5 `: sthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-) I; B/ O& ?! L4 H: U# S: f5 C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: A) n( T& p( @* M3 z* i' e) f9 Q! ^
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
& ?* p6 ^) | \5 P; J4 eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 w4 U4 o' ]3 famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
1 {. x2 T# Q# jsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ o/ u0 r1 a! `: Z8 r3 Z0 ?
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-" v' U3 V% g9 N' [0 v l
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 p. ^2 u- w* n5 [
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
# F9 C0 R. E/ }- c# h2 cgonadotropins.1,3( K& ?3 n! Y! _8 G ^4 m% |/ }4 D
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) N6 N% _$ T3 W5 X: |
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 n: \5 A w5 i; s; B2 Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or* ]& ?2 l- x: j; W) }0 G& D! x
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
* n+ O) v( H- K" D* Y3 Bulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" F- s' c7 x. ^5 `5 Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ X- t# R: s$ O. cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
+ p$ \7 O n4 ?! M% J. y: Gpuberty in boys.3,4
2 L/ f( Z' N) D) n! b W% Y: \! rThe most common form of congenital adrenal5 c' U# F' i- f4 e$ Z3 r: A
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency." G `& P! e7 M. U3 }+ Z7 q; Q
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in u: e4 U K7 g8 W
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& h: K/ V3 Y: n' @) P, V
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen0 W5 T+ J9 P7 X8 E- T6 B+ _( u: X& P
excess.1,3
1 J; d9 v3 K+ Hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- `0 ]2 C8 a( b* \2 F- u542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20076 G* ~% m+ I3 ^0 [6 n& M
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
2 t* q8 Y* P% ]2 yindependent precocious puberty, which is also known& Z2 J3 q: h# K, o; }8 v
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
R7 N3 t9 w2 a* S: R# xvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
" x7 Q) x% `$ @1 o; Q) ~: l. @9 c, dwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
. c+ C% e8 L/ P' I9 |including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
& n. Q# X+ R3 }; K3 k2 j0 B4 Hwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder. E4 L2 c& W7 a/ h# ]3 h1 R
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show8 o9 |. X* q6 U7 q( O5 w7 h
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
, z% R8 R. a0 c( L: M) y' x$ G/ kreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 O6 d) e; b1 u" g
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 p' {' i9 Z" S Amales; therefore, other male members of the family
+ x5 N0 }& H" \5 Q5 M# ^, m1 rmay have similar precocious puberty.3 O, Z7 A3 g V% ~. Y
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
) n! d. E7 j' }. m# isistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-6 t7 L7 Z: h, m8 X9 i: T
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis6 Z4 L/ t' R( i
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) A1 P' {5 G6 O& Z( J' H3 wstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
# c' D; n0 h! G5 k# ~. etesticular enlargement is not that evident in the1 A9 l. M- A# H+ H. U
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-: M0 X. r& w* g" {
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our( {2 r" d( ?7 g3 C D7 p, z) c: h
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# \5 R& P: v; ~# `7 ]6 [. }! j
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" m- P# N0 u$ c4 b+ zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, }9 c6 k6 \, H+ m3 a) k6 s* S
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
4 x1 ^6 E) E S7 t5 t% `The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
7 p P. t9 j- h' @1 ~' @suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
0 n- o& V1 Q/ b8 A, l1 _8 I/ cthe physical examination revealed the complete disap- }/ `; ~9 I3 d4 Q7 I0 W6 b
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" x$ I; C. t. _9 o4 {, C0 f
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& C5 C9 A9 C5 Oterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
+ i p% U# }( q/ a2 l$ ]9 @using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 n4 x/ N6 o: O9 _5 V+ y5 q/ N' }Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ E1 Q% x! q% R" V, {cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 [# `6 \5 X1 P5 n4 Y. O. o
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# R: t' S5 ?2 x' XSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 \! L0 t2 A) i5 ~7 P: Rbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 K. C$ `4 W: |. g P- m1 Keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
c, [/ T v! h4 \, V" j7 R& hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-% `) v, k+ o8 t4 W0 {& ^, s$ F$ B
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 O" v( A& u* H' A: v XOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 c5 o9 T- o# ~
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" | C2 U, U# y# L5 G0 v. c
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
2 R+ {* B) ]7 u2 ?; U; v5 mterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more4 W/ U6 h% S) [" \4 z5 Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone7 x9 `* X1 N' | W2 h5 j: t
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
6 X+ Y. ~& b9 P0 ]' idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to D+ K' [# Y" B5 o5 J3 j
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in7 K" G/ F- v& C
children results in an increase in growth velocity and! t O l C2 G5 T7 z6 g K
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! Y! y* M9 C8 n" O' p3 q4 H* n
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 [: S, } j7 n6 X, z1 u+ b) nearly childhood on pubertal development and final8 w1 G% k3 ^3 x, F
adult height are not fully known and always remain
9 ~3 W% Q3 \. g, D; X0 W! La concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
! \* b$ p O' X- S* e2 K' Aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
" ]3 o3 h _0 Y# Macceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 Y1 Q" f) f% ?; a1 d4 Scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! m* r1 A* I$ x( N" ?3 D4 Vdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. s5 M% R9 [: z# m7 A) {There are conflicting reports and controversy3 {9 Y2 u' @, K% ?
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 M& o: I8 _* W! `
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, v! H+ @5 F' c, w$ E
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
3 y% b4 Z1 b s( g: rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ ^7 n! ?( U* I" V2 ` a8 n
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between9 H. O& J5 c( Q- C: y& `
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 t( N$ K& q$ Y; G5 @6 P
penile length in clinical studies.8 r2 A) T. [( ^/ N3 [
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 a( x" @/ v* m
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
" D: i: V, L5 U% z" U+ x3 Ftestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 ]( ^& k# T+ U5 j- s# Z6 V% u+ ~
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 d% I! p( ?0 m* _
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of7 O5 [, |# a: Q% J4 K3 S
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 O l8 q7 n* Cthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 _* e! f8 K- N2 `# J( Wheight will not be affected.
6 t4 x6 `, `5 v1 {: P5 F; a# m |Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 r+ E8 t* S5 d; l8 z4 Q0 G
ability of androgen products in our society may
4 d( @' q6 U m/ Lindeed cause more virilization in male or female
& P- G6 K+ O: Bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-( \# H2 }* H, G
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
8 Q4 W) l' n6 f1 K( i. [' G C+ Ctioning about the use of a testosterone product or' s1 U" V4 V7 v1 B7 J5 w/ H* R
gel should be asked of the family members during
1 s5 q) k6 c! x6 l4 N) dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 H- c+ ^0 {0 f, m' C
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; C6 \* l# O2 w$ ]" _7 Knosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 C. f3 {1 [$ e8 u+ U# d
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 o) E( g( m! I. |
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 ]+ f% `. ^6 @" gresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) v; `( W1 O" Z3 p. ^. @investigation. The primary care physician should be3 K* G" o, D/ g6 Q6 b
aware of this fact, because most of these children8 d% U& ?( R. I" L1 G
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
. T0 |1 P. k. e5 `. C( pDesk Reference and package insert should also put a. I' U" N0 S5 m* D- l" k. `
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or6 i& G1 A; d% B9 R/ s
female child who might come in contact with some-
5 F W8 \0 p% e4 i6 T! sone using any of these products.' O" |1 }1 b z' w' K. W! l
References
1 W8 V; B6 C/ Y5 Z1 y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation) g7 ?4 [! z( Z
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric& A2 M: ?) h+ }
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
2 D1 }1 ]9 n/ z# P2 V2002: 565-628.
: V5 m% U2 Y3 r6 ?" w6 S2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious/ P" N6 u. O& T* h7 M" h
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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