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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old% a$ I8 V) W+ R: f; x/ e
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
}0 d# T/ P& O& ?: DExposure to Testosterone
# ?" ?" F: R8 \7 vSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 Y$ l( Z( j4 ^+ t6 Band Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
8 \% T& @3 E$ ?7 WClinical Pediatrics4 V' A2 ?: t6 k: n6 T
Volume 46 Number 6
2 R" \& Y& d# RJuly 2007 540-543! d0 w U d+ Z$ m- S2 x
© 2007 Sage Publications
$ B, }) l9 f! S" Y; Q" ^10.1177/0009922806296651- o. v+ u& |, T# s" h
http://clp.sagepub.com
: M! J- `+ C2 ?+ u. ^% yhosted at
( F0 {. t" ]: shttp://online.sagepub.com
+ Y/ ^6 r& r4 t9 oPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* x; ? o# f$ K' |7 _" G i: U3 Nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 b A/ a, u: e `, F/ Tprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
; t+ R. l1 n, B5 x6 ~through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! k2 t2 ]& M- P$ ]7 Q/ Y* ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 A. Y! n3 ]- s+ i l7 ] y6 [
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
\$ B% N6 R0 f% j Nby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
$ r% G/ P, i X, I, D4 w* u6 H/ n6 ghair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-+ p+ s. E* n' |1 d+ N ]; I
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We* w1 E: a6 |5 R7 }6 a, B9 ~- J7 v
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 v5 d- E# ?5 v
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
& D ~8 f* \$ J* F- R% |ment without testicular enlargement, which was due& s; S2 j: y- T K, B9 Z" e" e
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
2 ~1 W' |5 _: Q/ n( b$ Jthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-& n W5 o$ h7 U
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
8 z' p! O' C& b* dchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
r; {' o) w9 |# i& k- \. @$ etestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
" q2 W! E# Z+ F8 l+ D6 Y3 cbly more common than the rare case report in the, @/ v- `, F6 E" r: ~' X
literature.4
8 @" x' w( {( _5 a+ a5 C; @Patient Report; H" ^. Q, L7 @
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the2 K: w: X+ F0 z* ^" b1 w
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern3 L0 @4 \; ?' L J0 F4 x
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
# d1 Y3 Q) S; Z3 ^) klight colored pubic hair development when he was
* |8 i3 e/ ~" a, X$ AFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of% R1 F1 M% c! E$ }4 K4 S
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.5 e# n2 g% ?) K3 J
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% ?/ U, M7 _. P! N" \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of( ^3 C# Z$ Y& M: L
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 O* d7 }7 y$ R, n$ y2 {# N
e-mail: [email protected].% K, N$ I! }( ^8 ]$ X6 l- Y+ ?& j/ s
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became x2 v4 E# [7 ~2 F
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( Q7 C1 V0 l' Q, O6 q" Bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% o0 r7 d. _) gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with/ A& I) ~' s8 H5 N1 N
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& I; f0 e6 V! C. d3 P) s20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
; j7 E" r. `& v" x5 qof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 ~0 q; N1 h: G5 Q* Fsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, U1 L7 `% U* E$ c
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
8 u9 w! D4 f! l9 {) xwas age appropriate.3 m. | j2 |( v( g) p
The family history was remarkable for the father,6 _7 F" z- y8 m
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, h% }( A# _6 B3 S2 K
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 ?. w/ W% [6 j) T$ e. ?
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
* d( W N+ r; e/ s% ^* H9 t9 E7 |early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& _# P7 }: Z, g7 M3 _$ {0 p
The father denied taking any other medication. The
9 N' e! Q( \( M& Y: C$ X& L3 Fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche; N( U$ z8 B* A7 C% L& d* X
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet% |; d5 `- w# c1 E! l
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-- H" J# V& P q- O
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" X( Z5 T8 D4 F1 htives. There were no siblings.
+ H, q& `, O+ ]6 u" z5 ZPhysical Examination9 R/ L5 P' H: H; U
The physical examination revealed a very active,
: t* m0 t: I4 m0 Zplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented% J }: x3 d+ [" O# y3 s. v
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" H! ]0 _ M t% c/ E" c90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. }# a. f' Z6 P' ?(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 P, E3 _7 e# pvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
! o+ ~* w5 l- H+ X" g# {6 T8 Zthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." ~" o6 z$ z4 @% |; C* [1 `. a
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for. }5 b6 @$ z: `$ o7 O! p" k7 @
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
5 a; O2 `4 ^& R5 g/ ~8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well# m9 o0 T9 A0 R7 l3 |9 M2 L* q/ K
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around2 {9 Z/ [5 d$ T6 l
540: Y' R6 v& u6 z: x' t1 G
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( i( u. F0 C; l' k" J8 ]. O V
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ F8 G K* Q" W/ ytesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." n; e2 t1 [8 S3 ^ w! G! l" {5 b, I
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
! v6 H, O& w- j" @5 O' N$ |3 e6 }* Joily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
; T {/ q# O( e$ P! I; n$ ]0 Sabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 h6 W5 f8 F. @8 \2 n
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* y) Y( \: A, p% e. f- R' mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
! O& X9 I+ x! Z" I+ {' oof papilledema.( b: q& `2 |$ D0 W: f
Laboratory Evaluation
: e: e" h& a9 |) o$ [1 s, q" NThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- p5 D1 W; ^$ W1 q$ B! Tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-* d( {1 B2 c W9 p" t1 c% T2 r _
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: E1 w. K) {+ L& B# ] O0 b" j, j7 Qkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test1 ^1 F: I: i |# ?* b m
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' L" M- ^6 w+ S8 O! S, [& Glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 R1 T9 r2 T" M8 k( I; w: gThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood. _! H- }8 N5 O) z" d
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were/ O. k5 ^- T) @* `
within normal range for his age. The concentration0 M) Z/ X) n. ^' U# ]
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; ]1 L5 C; p, E: ](normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 B4 s8 N) I7 K# }1 ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
. K/ C& f5 c- ^- B# ~ Zterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),% O3 \1 x; W, N, j1 p8 S
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, @; M2 V0 N0 |* F8 ?1 P
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
( G6 d e O% ~2 pwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' h6 ^. ~6 l% W, l b# ]9 g
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ O. @- O8 k: ^! q, i* _ otestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),# E. y! R7 f3 q. Y; T+ s
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than, c7 U* J# u& l! U; ~' u- ]
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
9 Z! n ]5 Z/ `/ W$ p, rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; W7 E) f5 L6 j+ ] Hconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; k6 g' ^5 V( J5 \2 H(prepubertal).
/ a7 e4 j: D: s# ?The parents were notified about the laboratory, V( a0 R* D% g7 g7 A* N
results and were informed that all of the tests were
: n0 |/ G7 T+ T. t6 dnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
+ z: d; Y1 k+ F1 v: z* w; Jfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 Q V) m6 k8 ]; y) K" z" e( @obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 C; w6 m( Q6 \/ u9 `) _! A1 Pever, the family did not return for 4 months.1 P7 v. i' S v) ?; q9 J; ]7 g! I
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
# ?6 o5 t; O6 E* Lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
# t3 W. f! Z. i k k: O0 s$ q/ C2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained5 d! A! _9 ?/ b8 }. b
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' S4 I0 S' Q% S% q/ U0 M, `pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at! Q. J/ K+ _$ c9 `
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 25 m) J ^. e! U4 I$ W
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 H' i/ t" J' K) G; }/ O' m( YThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, m+ }' v1 x$ l9 p) B9 M
ing frequent erections.
/ A4 y6 ]$ m3 @) \6 i U! BBoth parents were again questioned about use of& G1 |3 a: f, ]% {
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
D7 J# U0 j A- t3 l+ L1 t" O Qthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. C0 r/ n% Q) D3 Z# ATopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
6 A& z$ |) G4 K0 @use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
Q/ Z4 a. G( s; eing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, |4 e! m. b. H1 ]9 v
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed {/ u+ p$ p4 c1 e/ X4 |
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
* u9 x8 m7 L. `! p3 p5 w- Jscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
; N* }# K7 g4 G4 _! Usecondary to depression.
# }0 p4 b; P0 Z- I p9 ZThe child slept in the same bed with parents./ ~. E; r6 l: _9 r" g0 s8 v
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his5 w' F# n1 P V3 Y
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: q3 A7 F' b$ h; \nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
6 Y8 S+ j# c2 B' E$ @7 G: {6 v Q1 ~% nThe father also admitted that after the phone call,; I3 B, j7 ]: A9 e% q( E3 V
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby& u* w' x& O3 s9 m6 P! h) ?5 q
was high, he then read the product information9 p& T: W) F) G6 ]; l0 N
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, h1 x( Q' y# W% ]0 Y
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. {6 z( u. o0 Q* g7 ?: j9 qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
. `5 S4 [, v. |4 N. Yfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' C* P' v# e( ebeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
! t! r: T2 X. o5 j# R5 Etest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, s+ ?% d( w; L$ Y/ o( {# B( slaboratory to obtain the test.2 o1 f; N; k3 q% {2 N6 Z4 X; j
Discussion/ n$ M# o. R4 T% h
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary4 y9 J: o8 f6 \/ y/ o2 Z
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4& X! ^7 T- ?+ N4 m3 {- W: H
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% H2 [( g* C3 z, ^! c, ?it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-( ^# \8 \! y; T7 u& Z/ V
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
4 p" T7 z! B: a3 @7 W* n% }: emon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 z6 G- ^$ M6 E! cmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ V0 {+ ]' v" J! j' t! _: g( bresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. o5 @. Y0 ]1 H
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 g( r& |" ?+ `/ n( n% |# H. d
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
' V1 l9 h; r Jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ S: v2 ?% n0 m- u9 `' Q
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-( d4 q3 G7 t! b2 v+ g
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by2 L4 E" R# D2 I( ^9 z$ M2 h
gonadotropins.1,32 [& s j7 E: Q) U7 R! o
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-+ h( J' I- s% Y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 Z0 e! \" @* ~* Q0 L
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or- @$ h/ ]) X+ E: T
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ H$ |# X* l* N, v7 h# q$ s8 t
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 I2 J; |4 V0 A5 _9 `6 Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% `3 t" L/ t6 _" |1 P0 `0 g& ~) Cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 a$ G+ b7 E( X8 S" xpuberty in boys.3,4
. c* [/ h( h; j( A, kThe most common form of congenital adrenal
: g$ ?7 S9 I( m9 h' v; ?hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.) `* U6 k" E6 m c
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# b9 l, \9 S0 b7 W# b& Y
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,% r1 ]7 b) S9 y* }" e
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen% m+ `8 S6 u+ h* ^
excess.1,3" ?7 s9 J, G6 x: N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* e4 b5 S6 E$ H542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007) I+ d3 c5 B; D2 _. t9 w& K7 M8 C
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-; C2 h' O5 C/ j& |8 o: t3 h( w
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
9 @( @4 V/ J3 las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) F4 N8 j" s8 P2 V8 t" W
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ f4 _" c9 I% _! e, f( Qwith this disorder are full pubertal development,7 Y+ N" o9 u3 E6 y& X
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ h2 M) R5 n, Z, e* B( \
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder" \, J% I8 Q% l, R" u
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# M/ Y0 i* _( L& ^7 C. b* z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-8 T4 l; {! ^ z" M3 J, q) q4 Z) s
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked! z& Z2 n; g; ^. X5 u* E
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; R+ J$ D( W# x( i+ n' z7 I( {males; therefore, other male members of the family0 o$ m! @+ ~4 c" g. [- l8 N
may have similar precocious puberty.3
/ a# ]6 [& ^4 E; UIn our patient, physical examination was incon-5 d4 N5 T' _: `& R( y
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-6 F% S. O2 A: E
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; B+ j2 K) F, Q7 b0 x- ?( [/ U4 nwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
1 T+ X0 f% j3 ~/ cstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
) a. m' b$ j& Q0 Q' x; jtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 P' l, l6 B" c3 \beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
+ D6 I8 f) _: k/ ~, }' d# Cative initial history of androgen exposure, our, x5 U, w' @$ S9 y0 S6 y! K
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,$ m5 Q# a: v# {* k- h
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ H/ d O' Z4 i# Y! u4 ]
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. S5 I5 x0 }, P0 V+ fing the normal level of adrenal steroids./ p) m h9 V6 w* O) b
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly( E3 S& Z2 J& m/ V0 P" {
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because P9 s0 R7 r1 H7 o, E! }
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-# q! Z2 A# i% B" d: Y; k
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
J* ?: [; `- Q+ Z* f9 M- odecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-6 e9 N; z% |4 D( W0 V
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was, g' `: }% H* Z$ B) n; u: T
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 y0 f8 i6 u2 A7 R& n/ _# S
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" Y, F/ S# S$ l. A2 zcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
& |; ?0 F! W* c- I% k( ]& uunprotected females through direct skin exposure.1 k4 B q: m) Y' R9 `
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
1 R" d6 S9 U/ Y. { x& H% _baseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 r/ k2 B6 @& ^1 K- E+ L" `even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male" G8 d, D* F* p# X- I8 D: B, z
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
4 U- m" _$ ~& J% E( etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.8 j8 \ Z4 U& A+ S% P4 [# g
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
6 F# i, ^! I" G2 o- I0 n5 nwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that) I; X2 Z2 V5 |% t
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-% {5 e+ B1 y6 L& M
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 j4 p; M1 b0 \, K6 X5 Nactive in young children exposed to testosterone
( M2 {$ h. j, @. y7 k4 p+ qexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-, n- ^$ E" m7 N1 |* I( Y7 a6 M- o
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to8 {: A% _: _" Y+ ]! w- C3 `0 l
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) b% I5 V# p: C0 O
children results in an increase in growth velocity and% T1 D, m/ h) u7 {$ k. D
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient. o+ k) z+ v- k& o
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: {5 A! Z8 v3 ]% J: O! ^early childhood on pubertal development and final2 {7 t; N0 f: Q/ Z: ]2 f
adult height are not fully known and always remain
3 o, s) ^0 o' f1 ^a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-( C9 ^/ c! S3 c, O0 o
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
{6 u* s. R; z+ p5 g0 L: z4 ^acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
0 X5 j q, Q& `. x) ycessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 S3 y* F- B4 Q \8 j6 y+ E2 k
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 f% n5 M, g6 W* b+ m9 kThere are conflicting reports and controversy, C6 ^5 \+ j, t: b* z
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- G1 {+ w) r8 @ M( d
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal b; Y! A3 ]6 Z0 P+ s0 U8 k, t7 D
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-9 F! U- ?: `' B2 o
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,( p- e6 z$ {$ x5 f. M
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 D2 R9 }- c) e4 t6 g) _4 \childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
7 ~" Q. v3 G5 }6 ?penile length in clinical studies.
0 U9 b# }( [& l, r% H# CNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is# g$ W7 a$ n; `$ S7 a
going to experience any of the untoward effects from0 I: I7 x1 {& q: D. x
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 E8 N. x1 k2 L! q; U: p7 Q) [
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 x5 ` \: Q" m* `. l
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
& ^- G+ b: X6 Y$ W' j Gdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 k+ b2 }4 ^ j/ [ {( L1 |8 A( ]/ C4 Wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 B- ^: j& t1 t' g% L) b( k+ n8 Gheight will not be affected.
; \$ {: r, P4 ]1 H, pAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-+ x9 e9 I! W# f: ~3 L6 C6 W8 |
ability of androgen products in our society may/ g+ s- N$ z# m$ E
indeed cause more virilization in male or female# s: G5 F! [2 K" i5 v/ j& n
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
8 K. @ v/ x& x, n" ~1 ogen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 S$ G1 g6 w$ f# ^# \9 x" X; ^1 ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( P9 \/ l$ o8 p+ c/ Igel should be asked of the family members during- |1 F3 H) J: Q# s9 q- ^! }
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 F0 q# e) W. c% B4 n9 t0 Q
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 n7 S0 T+ B% @0 ]' q) X5 c
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
" [' K, o! j. h; v' g" p& {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! t4 V3 T6 d4 G7 \history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may2 w4 q! g" @/ L# j& Y3 b% M/ o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( B; t3 x" H( T
investigation. The primary care physician should be
- l5 }' R, R8 d6 D3 U# oaware of this fact, because most of these children
9 p8 ^* q# i$ w: H, u7 umay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’3 J% q' O5 p q7 V
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a, s% @( n$ l6 F: ?) ?
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
2 M8 H/ ^ s9 K1 w7 c! J* Kfemale child who might come in contact with some-$ O$ K) ~$ r+ o& A" ?( O
one using any of these products.
0 O9 w- B0 o d+ Z2 H( F! iReferences
8 p, p! p- _+ x5 w: Q1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& m; Y7 R" D2 _ o% G! k1 i
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% H- j' I, O9 l
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;$ i. D: Y! d* J) z
2002: 565-628.
" A; `! Z) K$ t9 B- w% x) C6 _. i2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious. o# q6 z5 Z$ }) g" J
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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