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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 D  p& O' K" Y0 `
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical( H( t$ a8 R, L! H. i. \
Exposure to Testosterone3 n: E3 M6 e' D$ {
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,26 ?9 U. x5 `) i( _) v- n. U; [
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1: P: Z6 c$ K8 }' X  d
Clinical Pediatrics9 [( {& q1 v0 E* z, _
Volume 46 Number 6
2 Y! s3 C0 M% H; W& Z) nJuly 2007 540-5431 t# L" |- i' v5 d, K
© 2007 Sage Publications
, t& k: _. q$ p$ E& L: z5 J10.1177/0009922806296651
0 o% r; Q7 T( O; N- Mhttp://clp.sagepub.com8 N& R: r& M4 Y& u% }6 P6 e
hosted at
) D1 Y& h1 S& ^http://online.sagepub.com, L0 y' p- C8 z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- k/ L$ }$ a. l" Dis a significant concern for physicians. Central' M+ Y( W) ^6 }7 `, N; U/ e
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 p( k. i9 P( t/ @# x
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
9 g$ z, l, X3 Z9 |a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
8 e. m8 D$ g- J7 i0 ^/ o! Klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* \2 L; {- G% A3 U$ [. ]! U5 Cby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic( R* [6 e& Z3 C' W9 \' N
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& m. P6 M/ V# R! R1 X3 E, W/ `) Z" J
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
$ r* u' s& q! N# j* |! h8 m* qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
% Z- E! u* C: `3 U) \enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. [+ U1 p6 g1 R) N/ x* z8 l% T' c
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due: g( M% B  e# Y% q/ r
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ T% O$ V1 i7 H/ G0 gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
- _! ?; {8 u$ o) Qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this7 Y6 @' M0 {3 F- H: n  v
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of7 K/ l! _* i' Z* |
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
3 n/ O3 a0 p  i# \bly more common than the rare case report in the4 }/ v' q# O/ e( {& ~) p
literature.4: F+ Z8 V- I, D3 w1 t
Patient Report
" W# x$ N8 m! m- R7 T5 R  JA 16-month-old white child was referred to the: H: c  [7 w$ _6 J' N0 J3 L
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern- y  s' t; t1 A/ y: C" R/ `1 M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed* _' j! X1 X; w% \3 G  ^; a$ y  ?  L% J
light colored pubic hair development when he was
' W5 c, m- X$ `: }, f5 y. L( W+ yFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; D, Q  a* G3 ~* S& _2 [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
3 {7 J, c; r2 r: N/ xAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,; g1 T2 q' m3 d. u! ?( z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
  W9 m( O4 P  ?* oMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 M" Y" W+ j( G4 Ae-mail: [email protected].
- y2 B  Y! m8 G  O  Zabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" }$ l. Q0 E( @6 ^
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 I& Y* U' y/ S6 U3 Z' C( N
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 q+ n1 t& x! j$ E2 jwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* ~: U) S7 A5 L8 j; P8 K3 b
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
" z9 R; q8 d9 m$ ]% F, Z& }20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
0 X' w2 w, |+ y! rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
  b: i2 x% K. I2 q( j1 e# i  Wsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" ^, `, G( {+ E( }7 m2 G- p$ kand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- v5 L5 [% A' S& D, rwas age appropriate." a; a5 j; k* a# p! g6 m" i2 {, s
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 f% P+ e# r4 u2 o  z9 {
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,7 ^$ K/ Q" O+ o: L
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s+ S5 P8 X6 O6 U" H# Q4 s1 [+ B/ a  j/ ^* S
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& `9 U! X% `; {* u
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.  P- k  w% X4 ]8 R, r) H4 h
The father denied taking any other medication. The
+ ?8 ~0 f" {" L, e5 K* _6 Mchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 D. X3 b' l0 C6 g# O0 M0 N0 i1 I5 ~
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
* ?: W& C% m5 Z, R5 F/ v4 w5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
5 Z9 r+ W1 k: e+ Y) c' jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-" V- }  l; n$ {6 U9 u
tives. There were no siblings.$ F% @6 u0 }( U4 d$ l3 V& t9 u
Physical Examination5 F( W8 I$ P/ P9 P6 y
The physical examination revealed a very active,
+ X/ E& g! p3 J. q+ aplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 f5 `+ |- @0 i! R. u9 ?a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was3 D, [( k# C2 K! |$ ^5 Q  U
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 X- D; l* E4 L$ O- l) L
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
; x+ T1 o$ e' Z2 m6 evelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of/ q0 ^/ J& P6 }' p+ N& Y* G' R
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ r  r' g* i. ~& i. RThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 |# _' o8 `0 i" h5 Venlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 f% y5 Z5 \& }' F. P# s8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
6 x$ W0 T" L1 w: a% vdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around$ J+ q: b4 Z4 _% v" U
540
& V" c' Y" t0 G4 H# Z+ T7 i7 _at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; O2 M$ i7 S1 ]7 O0 R3 G( ~5 mthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 v( ?: s$ w& j! M* F+ n, c$ ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
5 R1 v! M9 V/ X8 d8 u  Y$ J8 m" `The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. h* D2 C& h( t
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
8 o* g5 i1 Z' A2 ~5 O7 zabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! |4 a/ }6 a+ D, _+ j! cNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 l" ]) ]( x. ]2 H& @bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ |- s- H& K, D  M, J4 ~. yof papilledema.
7 A# M  ~7 z8 K  f$ [" ]Laboratory Evaluation
. O7 c5 w  y% N4 |The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
( |3 j, t, I! [3 l# M% q6 lusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' j" V- P! }9 P! [% v$ W2 Mlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 [- m1 z3 [( ^  q' f0 t) U4 Q" r
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: z0 r6 \, H% G* d: D2 w  J6 U3 r, {
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) L, G' S+ C% t
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 T) {/ z0 Y6 d" U# gThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
) f; m9 o# U- ?5 Curea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# s- n/ m  }0 W3 @within normal range for his age. The concentration. B7 v2 q! t. G) t& F* J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 U) p" p8 H  {(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 a# n3 k$ j: x" @( H+ k3 F: B5 z6 Sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 O% s- T2 K7 _terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 J4 i9 a* L8 ]- G+ N- Rdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 J% F8 ~) w. r' f2 x49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 ^+ q& {7 h* e
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' n1 `: G! C4 {+ K
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
- _+ `: X! ]. l2 itestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ I7 Z3 x& J$ [7 F2 eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than$ x  C4 r# R8 K. }/ D* k+ P
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular- a. b* h4 @: |, ]& t
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone! o/ H. B* {" y( A. k
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' t/ X9 s- |5 w! U- u: A(prepubertal).# w" T) C* A- N  d5 s0 Z5 _  \
The parents were notified about the laboratory
4 [) N5 A5 _+ R) Q4 eresults and were informed that all of the tests were
2 Y; N2 K* |3 X3 ~! Hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
& {6 t- M, J% G9 ~) rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to/ \6 C6 Q* D; G! h6 f6 N
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 X0 D8 j0 a0 S0 w' \ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ i$ I4 l; x8 n5 k5 h8 v6 DPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
6 }: ~) w% Z% u( ~; schild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 N" x* t% ?8 N, t/ x
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 b6 E- v! }5 I: o" Gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 d" ]' p0 w% o, Y2 I6 V1 A  A$ Ypletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; I, |( U8 C* W3 n
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2* @, J5 C! y+ {2 Y4 @, R  e
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* R: |8 E: _) s, V/ [The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ i) Y0 J. [$ e; C: |ing frequent erections.7 j: _6 {" u4 D) Q0 W. w4 L9 D3 Z) r
Both parents were again questioned about use of
8 Z2 I7 L; O. u4 wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 a, T4 l2 V4 M6 R: i+ ^the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, r7 c) _6 c5 f/ a. GTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% Y+ {# }0 s: j7 Tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; x0 t) P$ h8 K& p' i5 u8 z
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: {+ i$ j; F0 n: {a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 Z. q6 p1 }5 w, ^6 ~to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-# L& T$ E& t, Z; Y& P: O
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
9 ~4 s5 J' ?! D0 \' Qsecondary to depression.
6 a6 S, t9 E2 _4 WThe child slept in the same bed with parents.6 O7 q5 R$ A- @8 |
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
, G. K7 M1 G+ d6 o8 _& [- Pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) I  C. _, x$ r' ?nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 R8 z) D* e4 V7 z; O
The father also admitted that after the phone call,6 `+ n" e; d! f8 t
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby8 m! k3 c! {& O6 m4 g) N
was high, he then read the product information
" a  x3 R4 Z/ m! M6 V$ {0 upacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! M6 X0 S9 b0 v( R7 i0 Dson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they9 p9 M# w+ v; `" U! C  s
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the4 V% L4 `! T/ o. `- @; |
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( C% L  J, B! y8 |1 i0 ?, _been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! m( k  W* M' X- `+ V# z
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
2 \2 F, J& B( b3 Y; l( v9 f7 _+ F6 Klaboratory to obtain the test.0 e4 m) u& f! m2 n! t6 Y) V
Discussion3 ~, \4 V0 t7 @. N! R
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary. A' }# |6 F( C. ?1 t2 y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: ]# I. E9 g  E/ p' \" bPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& i! w/ k3 m3 p6 W5 C; Sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ H. y3 n: `  v- y  Mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-3 s5 Z$ `9 c8 k- j" U/ S* ?7 e" S# C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 e+ b  b, ]" F, a8 ~. emay have a central nervous system lesion that is+ _6 }; n# D" z- y
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-9 b! M8 d  X, r3 I9 c, X$ T
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 b1 _5 z- _9 P% ]
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" l) Q; @: K; W; Y/ I
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
- M, u( l; ]# U, l6 N& Eization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) B8 ~+ e6 \  \: g% z2 Srical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' N* }1 R' `9 y! u. Lgonadotropins.1,3! F: b* f. Z4 K# i/ M1 m
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-. v) K' R$ |/ b. O, H3 M6 R8 k
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: P& t: q% S# O3 S. vandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or( I$ t# M! y# D. R# `3 T
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 [( z, T+ K3 }* mulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 x, X( C: w/ {0 s% H/ U8 I
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
( `; v% i- i8 V& s1 Q1 W5 [& G) wadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
7 R, j: ?6 d& R$ j. x0 s& S; }puberty in boys.3,4  D$ q6 m) [8 q7 E. n
The most common form of congenital adrenal4 ?1 S  [! K% c" Q* R, P% O
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( n1 X% R0 C$ x
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; `7 T7 ?7 S( }  r( q/ {
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, `& d3 s$ X$ t0 zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ a  k7 i! z1 f
excess.1,39 Q: C& ], P9 G& |, [
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 G+ r$ M* ~& e9 B# _. s! E: N542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' s7 w3 k0 A+ C* c3 s/ T$ l
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
3 G- ~4 ~! U3 P5 A# @& x/ e1 n& p5 }independent precocious puberty, which is also known9 J( m2 P, K0 v
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a, {- t& z, g6 O1 X+ ~7 ?
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
0 Z8 z& S  M! i6 P2 f& y$ M! wwith this disorder are full pubertal development,8 P5 s% Z* Q, ^2 s; T) U
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
* g/ ]' O2 ^) Iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. r* L2 f& k# f- A( c5 oare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
& X6 Z+ g# Q0 c1 u2 P0 A; W" I+ Lpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
( x: k6 t7 }8 |  j3 n% ^releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 ?% D2 R8 u% N1 B$ F+ x& k3 ~2 X4 c
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; j+ [2 ?6 H/ ~' J6 y5 amales; therefore, other male members of the family
. I7 b( P' E4 _; H8 Emay have similar precocious puberty.33 U) B, a5 U) j0 d/ O7 _3 b% }
In our patient, physical examination was incon-# C9 M" Z8 r  j; u+ ]1 M- r$ ~
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; m  S; N8 O1 _2 Q0 F& i, k% }2 Scles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. J3 z0 F  L, H9 V4 ?was in the differential diagnosis because his father
3 y0 q) r: W5 ~" F  F+ Estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& p' U$ j! B5 a, v  Y2 m# X' ^( I% w
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
- G  s+ A$ J6 m& c2 f% bbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
, D! O$ {: C4 Hative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 Q8 T4 y  i$ J, g
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
2 O- J& L! W- x2 k( `either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; m0 P$ [2 i  k  p* m8 ]3 V3 P, }* w
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-' z. e/ |1 C* j! X- @, t7 D
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 `2 k7 Y$ `( C! X
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 c, Y/ U# _1 ^* ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
( Q, R* u# {, Athe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
4 {4 I$ J8 G! W6 z% ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
# R  L5 E+ u: V+ `$ v  S5 zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-$ c9 X1 s. N1 T8 f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: j. \& R) b$ x7 |$ N
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) o- E6 |  b* e6 dDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# e. L! r8 o! k' x2 s  Y$ `cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to# q' j2 _5 Y! G% C
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ \! T# n+ ^' Q4 X  V% D9 I% `Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 B& X0 S% x4 ~. rbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
: p0 \' U' j7 Q. l4 p! yeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male6 B# ~1 u7 T5 ?0 _/ k0 B0 P, n
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
" _$ {: _. M; s% s3 ution site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
- o) r( X' F8 S8 Z- bOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,- g9 F# b6 C, m3 F6 {5 v
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! A) r2 b+ L( @3 D) X; d- G
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" ~2 i" c% z0 |$ |
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more* N$ l' y$ X0 T
active in young children exposed to testosterone
5 C( H6 C" }; e. k7 Wexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' Z4 a# J; Y9 s8 g# T$ ^% {
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
# s, s+ f3 W* J: P6 ^4 J6 }0 Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: n3 U: y; N- w
children results in an increase in growth velocity and3 W' C0 e& z0 }
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 ?$ ?  {+ D- n0 x- g( B' uThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during* L8 \4 f; m1 A4 S
early childhood on pubertal development and final
% `# r7 d6 Z5 I, N% `2 B7 Yadult height are not fully known and always remain
9 G( I$ L  ]2 |) i; O7 ]3 J4 xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% `+ s. M# c# x3 _; E
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some+ k$ ]2 S; n1 M
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
- O+ H: j8 W! K& D+ n$ V( mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- z1 P( _& ]9 M' k) ?
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
# R( [  F) b/ R+ TThere are conflicting reports and controversy0 i; C9 f: c- a2 K& u9 H
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ V5 ]6 ?- F- J) Y+ u2 wpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 g9 @. M$ V( e) N4 k, v' M: C
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-" ?% A+ P$ j5 W, [' Y9 a2 l
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! R* R6 U! l! q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between& e8 {( [7 T1 W- W* E2 O" M
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" r: E; c7 H7 u5 ~/ Zpenile length in clinical studies.
, Y" c1 A. Q" p# mNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
/ V  t# W7 ?+ P7 F% mgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 T5 U' x0 o" H/ S- j% H
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 Z$ P; I: {: p5 D) K+ }- Qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
  H- h3 B/ t( H1 G0 o, ]  K) g9 H  JAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 |" m0 u' i7 `, Z7 K# |diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( O; w1 n$ r. o! y4 athe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult& ~1 |. v) z. {. \* r# K: ?% h# M- ?
height will not be affected.
+ i( s; v  j7 xAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
3 ?" h3 \% V/ Z$ N3 C8 }ability of androgen products in our society may+ ]* L5 G7 A. l! M( V; L. r5 n
indeed cause more virilization in male or female) ?2 I3 x( i, u. v
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-  H1 _6 L3 ^5 Q$ ^7 W; e
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
) d1 G0 E. ?( k. ationing about the use of a testosterone product or
) O$ G: f) R* a% f  S! B  Jgel should be asked of the family members during
7 c, }) m, X1 \. Lthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
- i* b$ C0 B0 ]9 W) Pilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
8 v$ Y2 s# D2 n/ Inosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 e+ @2 k# ]9 x: P0 o0 \  q8 b
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 i3 D+ X. z7 vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& B- T* h: S7 Q
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
' l6 o) N/ f5 n1 a- q1 Xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be' ]" P% \  b. u8 S
aware of this fact, because most of these children9 `8 R! z' R/ r
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
/ z  k" b' I  BDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
9 H6 T/ q) S4 X. awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or6 L0 z0 V. |0 \) I+ v
female child who might come in contact with some-
/ `. ~, J" C+ F4 k4 A: D3 aone using any of these products.
1 e1 {# v4 t. [References/ F# H- {5 e* j( }  \2 O/ P
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
$ r/ u9 s- N9 T) ^' V8 {# O; H8 Iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* O/ L. i8 F, ^. @$ z& wEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: u, o% Q. T8 }0 w
2002: 565-628.
1 v1 X8 u4 _5 K6 G4 z( q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) ^; r, y1 B0 t, ~/ t. }; w& @puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
$ H1 m- \4 ]: s0 D1 Q$ z6 j. [0 P- |Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
" e* ~% k% ^+ BExposure to Testosterone$ Z5 l8 @; L/ D6 R# k9 T
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,28 ?/ N* @; c6 M, C) M0 |9 a/ j
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
8 z. x- k+ B' A1 H( `, D' i0 gClinical Pediatrics+ |2 O1 I5 o4 z. h) u
Volume 46 Number 6* q. |1 r9 o; U; f! M
July 2007 540-543
( m: L. c- E& O4 {© 2007 Sage Publications
3 j8 Z) E- |5 ]10.1177/0009922806296651
3 a* {( H7 l" X9 _( Vhttp://clp.sagepub.com/ z- c5 U' |9 B4 M  Q9 U8 h
hosted at
" H0 P5 R0 k9 lhttp://online.sagepub.com
$ {0 e5 m- r# z1 ~Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
  O( g( B9 `5 I7 X; ^& [/ Z0 Cis a significant concern for physicians. Central
7 q7 I5 }% a* ]precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 s  P* U/ F- T! h' M5 k8 L
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has9 N7 {* S$ R4 Y2 O$ Y: J  ^
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
, F1 x8 J, G' B/ C  t" W# f3 alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
  X8 d6 Y6 W9 e: O( `% t0 e8 ~by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic  b1 p( l& @  A* u
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* {9 W2 E! M3 i6 v$ ~& z! m
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% N/ |/ c: s; }) _report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
9 l6 y; w) X5 {0 X7 b* a  Genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
$ K3 |. J8 z7 T7 R( Y1 [ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. T& N) l/ n: S$ s  K7 ]' Q) w$ Ito the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ [% F3 q3 ]/ o2 W" V
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-4 e8 ^4 L* R+ R. M
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
0 q- g3 o, y# z  N6 Kchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of* ~1 h3 `9 F* l% [2 Z) K- W
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-) ^9 |; P: R/ r# W; c3 O) K
bly more common than the rare case report in the
0 x* I/ F! a% U; Qliterature.4
4 v; @  r9 u) ZPatient Report
; M, ^8 \/ f% S$ r% ~5 Z1 ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the2 e1 S/ o2 ^8 \- ^- Q, l7 u+ ^
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern. ^- d; v7 e- t/ R0 J0 d
of early sexual development. His mother noticed' W2 J' F! `) l6 a
light colored pubic hair development when he was
( H! ^# u( Z  W! l, RFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" Q5 O/ ~' N/ O- }$ s
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( W" }) I  a, w& p# q. B5 ^0 R
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,# A- c% M$ A8 _, Y4 ]/ f* Q  s: F
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of- M1 {+ ^) R- _' d3 y: O. t
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 `: c2 ~( }' c" |1 N' t( I. ze-mail: [email protected].
3 w/ k# K% Y0 a; F% m5 m* yabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 V$ }: H) i- b5 m0 _" X
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 E- n1 X% }6 z0 n) F# H
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
, ?3 p# z# f& J9 t: A( F5 [was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% K, q8 Y" P9 ^- y+ h/ @a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 T: C6 S1 ?8 {( N" f5 y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year* H8 l- r& ^& O3 ]0 x
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ e# `) I: A! `( I: I
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" j1 [+ y& M( G$ B. u0 c5 F* band his psychosocial and psychomotor development
# J' j4 e& R1 H  }4 Xwas age appropriate.) O9 B7 i% [$ F) U. g
The family history was remarkable for the father,! G/ \& q* J$ w5 _- h) A& k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
+ }5 h* n2 W5 R. |) p8 |, C, Fwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ H* C4 \' w7 z2 V9 {height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 a& `. t( B& f0 b2 Searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.2 x' S: H4 \5 C- f& l/ e* I- x6 N
The father denied taking any other medication. The' G7 m7 J: h2 d& f# i
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" Z- R: G, ~, P$ ]: T! Q5 swas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) s. V* `% `7 \- w2 q6 T
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-2 K' Z# {8 z/ N: r" h
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-* k' K$ L+ V' v: Z' c0 _0 X
tives. There were no siblings.
; F% e; q" ^2 c+ C6 q& x5 |Physical Examination
; p" d2 A1 l% y2 sThe physical examination revealed a very active," o& P3 j7 l  I3 O3 f4 W1 q0 [5 p  F
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 C, Z2 A2 I( p4 S7 D5 L6 \- Ba blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 d, o& Y, |8 j5 ^0 x
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg  }2 S3 Z7 r3 }- S: m4 S/ o
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
7 I$ k7 G" c, D; J; e, p; P9 evelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 G: F5 J+ @6 K5 _! {6 ]$ l) X! c8 Vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement., X  H+ p  W0 q9 @* e3 |* s
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
6 I7 s0 c- @9 m4 x7 m  kenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
8 k1 W# f7 S2 o6 W8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
) x  L& |) S9 L( i5 Sdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: m) d0 y) G+ `
5402 Q1 q, b! i; U- E' ~; S3 Q8 x
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 ]) w% ~$ i# Y
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The  e3 l, ~+ Z! N1 |& }
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 ^8 o: [7 O, v5 x- e- P( E/ J/ t
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
1 b" h! v( L0 t! s9 H  Koily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! M: q: K  I& }7 B1 _
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" E" T" J, {( q+ LNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+: I- ]# M8 E- J2 S: [# t- L. x. b
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 }& }( d1 p7 o" _4 I; V2 g
of papilledema., H3 A! \1 p1 U0 y  I9 a. Y+ x" Q
Laboratory Evaluation8 L* K; t; v& G2 b4 P4 ~+ h5 A
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by4 j* w) J* \- h
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
, u" t% l# [4 n5 ?# Wlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: w' ~/ ~6 d/ ~9 g. H  Bkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 y2 S/ ^! w5 Z3 M" R% x8 K
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-4 o) ^& p1 Q( ?* O: \9 ]
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).& `$ J0 h* g. G, E
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
: a/ F( b) M* lurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were- b& b( G4 N9 ^5 n1 i7 w) e* d
within normal range for his age. The concentration
3 v9 V$ _4 {0 Z, A$ @, D& ~of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; Z  W  _5 U& d6 L1 H3 T7 t(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20  h7 T0 ~' N, V
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" {& I& z( l! T1 x8 N, n- Z
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
  N  a+ A4 l0 Q4 w( D& [: n& udesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to& [1 c; r6 |5 g6 M+ Z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 D9 \9 _: K: i) o5 q0 a5 owas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: F9 _: n! f3 p: d# l# V
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
  ]7 x+ e- c% o! W% A+ H, P9 B% vtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
* @- ~$ z5 y+ zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
  D: ~" }1 J( Z1 Z. f5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
* f: ]! U" S3 I' f! @/ S$ Zstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
6 e2 o; o9 w9 `* m1 Q/ sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' Y. \$ R* A$ W* f" Q. Z. Q- L(prepubertal).
& u9 q1 p3 F3 c4 Y7 BThe parents were notified about the laboratory
; p# S0 v9 ]5 g& eresults and were informed that all of the tests were& u/ N+ w2 q, z( U/ T$ a9 y6 D# U
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
- x% R* l' ^6 i7 ]3 ~0 E) ^$ ofollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to/ V  a6 \6 u% L; k& ~! c# k
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) q: p6 Q! a8 T, c  ]% [' C/ u% s0 ?ever, the family did not return for 4 months.% X) i* R+ M' P* f" _5 I  W
Physical examination at this time revealed that the5 D0 e. W5 T9 r- F" H1 ]# b
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained1 X, H8 b6 z2 t! X9 |
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained9 J* I0 {  [+ m" Y5 S
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: s/ [5 I2 b. i1 z) Apletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at- L# r( a; }% a" Z( j: |, j
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2% a1 D' @6 a' k/ G$ }* R/ u! a
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 L/ L  R! |, _( N  m
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
' T; a0 [3 w9 Aing frequent erections.( ?2 M7 E5 e, r" K
Both parents were again questioned about use of
) }, r$ ^' y/ `% P3 Fany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 U+ u# M! d7 t. `% h  l: F/ Ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 i6 L+ F3 k- z* k6 |7 M* PTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541! V3 S* X: n4 u' _- R- M7 v
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, C% P$ N& Q5 r3 Eing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
, I% m& n$ e! Q8 j$ k. c6 Za year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
6 {$ `1 s9 s. a) b  hto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; ?1 c! Y* E5 G4 N0 ^  \1 T
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido# [" C5 t8 x7 ?2 L$ S8 D
secondary to depression.
: I2 o: X) p0 X9 sThe child slept in the same bed with parents.! v4 E) d9 b# N4 c
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* }0 [, D$ S8 u0 f7 i: n0 nchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-0 M/ Z3 I$ s+ R
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
( J) L' p7 ^7 C7 K7 Y" v3 @$ g$ Y: wThe father also admitted that after the phone call,, g  |/ ]' w# r: W% |5 D  c5 K
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ {9 l0 `' k: [' |9 X" j0 N7 Kwas high, he then read the product information! h5 }' g& `" y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 o( Y9 k( m# p# bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they, @4 X" F- q  [1 H: m" F7 E. j+ P
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 H# g" T  Z' I1 ifather was not hugging him with bare skin and had5 o. n5 @; g. y5 F# |( ?$ x
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* E1 I3 f" X2 ~* Ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the0 T; U0 P) P( `8 ^- Z( R
laboratory to obtain the test.
2 V* v* Y0 z3 Q, B5 KDiscussion
  g1 s- n8 r4 APrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 b8 o; F7 z% Y1 {
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% v: a  C/ o% C# b; B  @# ePrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: n3 l: m8 _: H' A  b% m
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
, d5 j5 o' E: S& nthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-7 p% x1 E$ _  G) v
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP  _! x1 m) U/ z2 [
may have a central nervous system lesion that is; `9 S. |3 o+ B
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ h! [6 u' K6 N3 Y4 n7 Q2 P$ w. }
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  E) c8 s9 Z' S4 k4 J
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
2 \% F8 K: ~% ^# _boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-8 t6 `% a2 I- m. Z) ]8 \* C2 c* R
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 y; d5 {, ^' p( F+ g
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
6 H( O6 _, c5 k1 O  bgonadotropins.1,3
( N$ o! ?& s9 YGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
1 p. }% _1 S7 ?cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate7 X# `' a6 R: }: X1 }. i/ |
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
; ?1 I9 u( L; \/ X* Vexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 h; \; \0 X, c) p" Oulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 Y3 o7 A7 J1 z, h6 y
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
: c6 ^9 ], J% g. yadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& t+ {( ?3 ^' M6 s
puberty in boys.3,4
; |: N% u8 N/ SThe most common form of congenital adrenal
( j7 z) z9 |  Y0 R, Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 ?/ V6 X: B$ Z3 T0 N6 a) i* E. PThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in5 |; P/ W' N5 Y: O# [8 c
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 `- b  Q8 t/ i' t! gan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen7 Q, n  b# L1 `. u& b8 D
excess.1,3
5 _3 ?; X2 x# h. {5 ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 m9 c( I8 I7 V- q9 l2 s7 _1 R542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 p1 t3 W* Q+ Z# d, V2 S3 o3 @) T
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
2 ]& f1 S8 r) ?& mindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
: ^; C' f  u* e* c$ U  ~) \( _as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 g( x1 J4 r, rvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
8 r7 P; O: N6 ?with this disorder are full pubertal development,
. `  o8 A+ T0 G6 |5 i$ \  aincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys7 I' M/ e/ W: L: `: ^" d
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder/ H3 z& R, @* S
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show& s! y. X) \4 B. w' j) m$ n
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- k" U0 o- d) q: [: [% g( |9 b+ U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 d! E, Q5 f, D
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& {/ V/ t8 q. k. x9 m! Bmales; therefore, other male members of the family
2 x/ o/ Q2 j, U: }may have similar precocious puberty.39 `' @( Z. W9 _4 V+ l. M
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
1 f! l3 k/ m4 w, v# esistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-- B+ X% s! A# g
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis% |( v; ^7 S! T& E+ J2 g
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) c! K0 a8 M6 ^3 d  C4 E! Sstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' `6 \$ A, J) j( L, o# x7 E" ]2 Y
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
( Q2 j/ Y) q! {- j" v$ xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-2 a" }& J/ _/ z& b% j3 J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
0 E/ g9 |# S6 Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
2 `/ o' C0 Y/ L2 }4 T  y( \either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
% _, b, G- O& L. R+ ~deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
1 T7 Y" s& {- V5 K1 qing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
4 H+ p$ y, I2 F1 m5 cThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) U" l4 K! s; U8 \9 y7 Qsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
. j# X" o7 X( P0 M8 |, Nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-' C5 |8 k+ W$ r6 [1 |3 T
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
6 E6 ^7 a  f  u. o1 ]/ {3 [7 O1 W$ zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-7 d$ f/ `. O4 I. g; @4 U
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was1 j0 v. r2 B# k* g
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 L. I% U. P& d5 A. C- B, {$ UDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
6 F) L2 Y# p2 f& r. N8 Gcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* w2 Z8 S! a0 ], n# C
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* E' r1 X9 c* w8 J7 x3 L( E) ^0 I
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
( [; e+ c9 Q! [+ B9 nbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
; P, @9 C3 C5 Peven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 W0 Z$ s+ b* c: j5 p/ t
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-% J; o! A& S0 ^9 A- n
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
8 B! _6 M/ J3 P+ qOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,6 O+ \: \8 e- i' v6 c* ~( U: ]
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: I" r+ N+ D& u. j; t
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 S* W; k9 B* {& }7 vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
' k" d# M: m8 q) t* Y8 Sactive in young children exposed to testosterone
* e5 q& J* R, H* Wexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ e* }' h% x8 g4 U$ N3 [
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 T# U9 m7 U' qvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
- s2 S! V7 w0 i. p) m; d, Q; |' qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and- t7 r" L& x2 a/ i8 j
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient." y9 {* G: i; u( H
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during/ q; w5 Y! t% M
early childhood on pubertal development and final' }4 M1 U/ R' O5 S$ |9 u7 P0 J
adult height are not fully known and always remain
( i  L+ D9 l* W' z0 g5 ^6 u# pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
$ `2 H* @; @# {+ c: Lterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- @1 F3 z5 s6 T: yacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 Y1 \, a6 o) Y7 q# ]cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# b& ]; w1 t8 f9 e. q
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9  v$ C/ y/ j6 r( h& \" ]+ r' V: y
There are conflicting reports and controversy* Z' ^* q* v* b$ m7 l% M
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 F4 I8 `, e3 L
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, _8 q2 E6 N, G; W) D, z0 y
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
3 G' C1 s3 j( \ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,3 H3 `( I* n$ |+ z( y3 h$ I; W
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. z. d0 o( y) T; m: Ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: `& q  E9 U; w! a! I. ]
penile length in clinical studies.& O0 s) ^- a3 O/ D, F
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is7 f: V8 I) t- @( z5 F0 ]
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
$ g0 t/ x4 Z, l$ E$ \testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 w) f/ t+ n8 P8 p1 {: Cthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.1 C5 Y/ @$ P  b% c+ B% u; c6 F2 w
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of% o3 i0 L; h* h! M! F
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
0 p, D8 m' x5 g8 Wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult5 S3 O, m* ?& ?, S
height will not be affected.
# F  B' T4 U) D0 Z2 t1 \1 W# D# \Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' d# U2 V4 T9 C- ?% I& @ability of androgen products in our society may. y2 ]% n# f& n' ^/ c9 C( s
indeed cause more virilization in male or female8 |  K% A3 S! j! l* k
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 F% O( O8 {- e% U% x; o
gen products must be considered and specific ques-; y- s. g! I- F
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or; o, K9 ?* r- m7 U2 u
gel should be asked of the family members during) X, w* W7 l4 [! T$ ~
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
% D5 G7 l* X+ ~4 x/ X+ Milization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
( D) V; Q- e& g' f* fnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
) N' K( N% T. o7 fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 |* @8 T0 Q$ |8 u/ ^: ^
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ z' t1 |1 ?( e9 K% M  X$ t$ E
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive* _# `* ]6 x  v
investigation. The primary care physician should be
# r; w; c% T4 ]& T3 _aware of this fact, because most of these children
% L6 T1 g9 o8 A0 C* v: gmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' P$ k$ Q4 f6 K
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a+ o' Z( x( u. t! [
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or& w2 t# a) \* X2 B
female child who might come in contact with some-
% R, N0 a# H! G1 U# A+ h* none using any of these products.' F6 b! r7 ]2 r* g
References
  E1 I+ P5 q! S/ A1 y9 W/ W1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
( l. }, Q& I/ G8 i# f/ Pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 T; ]# G! j2 E' U' B( ^# \
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
/ S8 ^& x% j$ M/ `4 s+ q9 L0 s2002: 565-628.' C8 y' X* [+ _
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious  ~" v! t& L6 q6 l' X) {/ S3 U0 e9 `
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
+ ?# ?# `+ Y# J3 p
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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