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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
9 D4 C; M+ H. _7 |+ P( {  sBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
" ]6 s# j- o5 A% F: JExposure to Testosterone5 p. y6 g, ^; r( }; G
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,26 p" S  z5 D4 O2 E0 p$ o' ^( w
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
2 j/ b& n0 @& W" b0 |2 nClinical Pediatrics: g8 `) Y$ S2 K+ g& r) w/ L
Volume 46 Number 6
" g3 B  `  f0 sJuly 2007 540-543+ v4 ]; s& ?5 E) y* D7 @3 @
© 2007 Sage Publications
, z7 N+ o# ]; G0 r1 a! ?10.1177/00099228062966519 G; j2 [. T" U; `7 S
http://clp.sagepub.com* n, S! }! @% P+ E# d6 i
hosted at
5 A1 U& @# O* b7 Z5 jhttp://online.sagepub.com
, @/ M) i( W, X1 |2 ?) gPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,  P2 K9 H' j: p) P! P7 h
is a significant concern for physicians. Central( U+ r+ G1 b4 r* }- c
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
9 P$ A' G* K0 U# ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
  x, u& U! A% B! o& w; ]" N" [7 |a higher incidence of organic central nervous system; [7 g' I3 M7 z# h
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
, A% Y0 T8 n0 B9 A) r, wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& N0 _1 I1 Q$ y7 d: Whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-; `) {& G" C  W% y, y; m
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
0 g2 @$ o1 N! K5 u8 f8 C+ ^report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: Y# ^3 `; Z" c0 k, R% X3 Z9 [9 E9 C1 Denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 }. \2 }4 o  t2 L2 ^ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% e1 L: _9 i2 ?. t% k+ {7 _2 oto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
0 k) Y! {" Y( @+ T/ mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-, L8 t. X+ T) h5 U2 X4 E; y
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ h5 {6 o8 y9 W! U, ~) Y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' p0 g2 `% D; _, s/ ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 B8 F  Y3 @# [' Y- wbly more common than the rare case report in the. c7 D5 i* H; |( g7 z
literature.46 A3 u$ B# f. O6 i/ _) o  x% i
Patient Report) S9 Y6 t' c" @" W8 I  ~
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
2 q) c- j$ O, P3 b( rendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern" F- W8 A- W7 t6 x$ k
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
! c" x" Y! n2 n5 \: ?light colored pubic hair development when he was& \  o: M6 Z2 j" w' P1 @+ a& x
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* H$ J3 a$ J0 VSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.$ k; s; J: K; J/ e9 ^; ]
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,3 @& p$ p% R8 l) v- O% y9 \: I
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
, }& h' l3 n0 b; ]! t8 {Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
' V. y) c2 v$ I% t6 `e-mail: [email protected].
7 q2 @" x4 V7 V* B5 pabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: @9 E; V3 ~, h. s& b1 A* ]8 p( ^darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-2 ]1 @& S# l6 j) l0 T/ Y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child% q' k# \3 v/ U# H3 g
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
: ^: Y* Y' B" \0 I( Sa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
1 |4 O4 O2 j; E; y7 X& |( s20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! y+ n" X) l; v" W  b1 ]* w- e7 ~of life and was still receiving breast milk along with. g- X4 a5 p6 N2 J4 F2 V1 s
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,/ a) U: Y  y% S) {/ r8 w" V) p
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
, r4 @& V) i% hwas age appropriate.
1 I( v" D! }/ n% i9 E& W7 ]# q" \The family history was remarkable for the father,
+ V6 i5 ]6 y% G1 Vwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, g: Z7 p- \$ h+ z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s% }2 F  m" n% C: g2 m4 X* }
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! F3 \9 [0 M& H$ o
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
5 j7 {- q/ k" |( _1 lThe father denied taking any other medication. The/ J) [, U! `+ H5 j3 g1 l# q
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) v# N0 n% I. G5 N/ E
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 {+ }9 i: D; |% x/ v/ z2 b
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-+ S3 a; d8 Y& z2 n4 j5 y8 g& ]2 f
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
: V4 J$ w# O  ^  y% v0 Jtives. There were no siblings.
3 ]7 P" ^* a: k' iPhysical Examination
( X; i& c8 Z$ b- t6 o5 A1 t7 D$ cThe physical examination revealed a very active,3 d- X4 J9 C  d) F: P( v
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented& g. W4 J: [2 Q' p; y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 O! L9 `  i+ U3 V! L2 u3 M90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg  v' K" T3 ~9 E; X8 T; @* D! r4 ^
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ q0 @6 B, C* t; S7 w" o" q
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of( p1 I* H, z! a6 H1 e
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." l1 t9 J3 x9 M
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
8 c, G% ^. |$ y! Q, ?& {2 q/ lenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
2 @: C  K' v9 T) B8 _6 C/ h8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well" T6 s0 A& J0 P/ G
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ @& h# r, t) _" C- s. i3 q' z540
. @8 A' S" _! B4 d% K) {at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) y% B8 V9 z( b* x8 x" h2 H. P
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
$ C8 }) `! l  V2 T2 ]& K- y7 [testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
% G; L7 W, ~& {1 c' G: \The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
# w/ e  F3 [. joily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 q* N! N1 H5 \0 ~7 v
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
7 W, l8 C( R6 i& D. p; fNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 X3 t+ B" t7 N  b, A* O4 T$ C
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
5 F- F3 c/ ~1 r, j6 nof papilledema.9 d% u. h! W) x% c
Laboratory Evaluation3 k  G% ^  A8 f4 D' r1 u9 L5 O
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by2 W' ?/ c$ r5 _" o
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; Q8 I' X- l, W0 h7 {) y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
4 J- b/ |+ _  r2 }) zkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test0 c! H4 v7 ~' L, ~. _; X8 k
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- I( @+ i; l  e- O6 N. \5 U( B
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' T: ?0 Z2 }7 g- N4 l4 z) h, DThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood- C! r) Y6 T! a5 S0 j. N* c* o
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 l% z* ]( [9 J, ?6 j/ s% o( w$ M: X- r
within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 p0 o2 R& M8 {  Sof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
$ x7 \/ F$ W. T5 I' \/ }/ g' r8 \- z(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20# ?4 H/ v0 `1 l! f6 A' @
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- ~$ f. B1 c" Uterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
" t4 e) b# w- K! u; Zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( e0 u  }% ?' h0 {
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)( A# U- B" K# C) h: @
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' G1 U! P# y9 `/ G8 y: Dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
  `' w: Y& S) i, b( atestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),  ^9 B7 a2 B' ~6 D% A2 \4 s
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; z$ C' r+ B( Y5 m/ A
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. l% o3 F! ]$ b. i4 k! ]
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; f0 a! H. n7 \% m2 aconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: U1 E  Y. E' @1 Z1 x  r- g
(prepubertal).
4 ?( W) n- G* }, }7 A" \3 e  kThe parents were notified about the laboratory
, r- |) k* p# e- T- r! {) n8 Qresults and were informed that all of the tests were; }1 j9 Q3 F: h
normal except the testosterone level was high. The4 O; g2 j7 M5 w
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to3 R2 Q6 U& y9 `  K" l' H
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
: m0 S. p$ i1 d% f9 @' zever, the family did not return for 4 months.
  j" ~6 n" x; R. R9 DPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
# t9 z6 g( j/ L/ p' B$ mchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 B) {6 C$ b# D# c
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 p( o9 ]3 R0 M4 {& b( ^unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-" f+ a2 S  e9 i6 U7 _6 D
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* @+ }1 V# B: f2 e/ m
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ Y8 M) ]$ m+ Z! m
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
4 \7 K) |* G6 [+ U/ GThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-  H: S6 d9 Q% A* F  s6 c
ing frequent erections.. ^# R$ D) }3 B7 `& o
Both parents were again questioned about use of9 o& Y/ y* f( ^+ n
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 j4 j, k% d0 q  \( dthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 y0 ]7 u0 J* @/ F0 ZTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; L. U9 m& s3 b; s7 h. \use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-6 O! I1 t" r1 ?  V+ U8 C/ f
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
* q, j: G$ Q0 d& g* l* p! \* Wa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
2 C7 ?0 e+ Y- A8 Q7 m4 Fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. R, d* `: U, @% Ascribed by his family physician for decreased libido
6 d. x+ j& v% L+ T4 isecondary to depression.
3 l, v$ T5 i$ R, `) A6 p/ \8 aThe child slept in the same bed with parents.; q% H5 u0 m7 _/ V
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 w. _$ N% V! H1 {8 lchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ N. _" ^2 p$ G6 `  D; d' Y
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.& c- U7 H0 ]) k( e* t9 ~; H; N3 V
The father also admitted that after the phone call," y; D4 [7 c( f% ?/ f+ @- n
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby5 _: ?( d7 R4 r9 B/ y  g3 U6 a1 ?. }
was high, he then read the product information
/ J6 q4 z' }, [: p( xpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-$ ]$ w; ^6 H7 z$ y3 m9 K
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they  i! q* k; q* b
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the! x2 h3 `) U# H- r* [
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had3 [" z7 [4 |1 o: X* e; H$ i
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone& Q# Q. c8 D: N2 O7 C/ `3 ]
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
" N- W9 n, ?* v. q7 v: _2 Blaboratory to obtain the test." \/ Z4 j8 J/ m
Discussion
( G  _# e" E/ [$ G9 uPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; n  w/ e2 y7 |$ Nsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% T" q; c& q$ i) V! \& i8 y, Z, ]
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when" z( p: a8 m9 s6 `! x1 c
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-$ d) j9 K2 I. K! p6 Y; B& Y: w( c
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
& R4 q& t, V+ _+ Nmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP6 {8 c$ |5 d& k: e
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
4 P- a9 h" g. o( v1 I5 H1 Tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 \0 J1 J! l9 }. b. P2 ~amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 [4 O/ w4 ^9 H
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
! z* E+ L6 Y: u1 d# Q' W: _boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ [( V& `3 u9 e7 G  M) N" q. bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-9 D3 v- h- F( a7 }
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! B5 C9 {2 V  S7 d
gonadotropins.1,34 Q4 m- J* N! R+ E# y5 s
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- L: F# J4 E1 I( o. x1 Icious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate3 {7 G5 k( {6 G$ r2 K) ~/ [& ~
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 J' f$ w* e" A# F; c' m0 ~exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 b, N- D' g8 H/ ^3 }2 Iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing$ O3 d; _$ D$ B" p' `0 x4 P
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: I, Z: d$ `" Z; h; s3 O5 t
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 N; u) f- m, u/ l
puberty in boys.3,4; c! H* o$ X1 E9 ?$ e( y6 E
The most common form of congenital adrenal
# `3 o, v8 p+ lhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.. x/ u/ s% U; L* [; Y; `. o( k
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# [7 k5 ]( R5 M. w1 M
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
- O' q; w& Y& M$ T3 @+ _! y. yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 M' e" U0 ]; D4 Jexcess.1,3. s6 Y! o3 _" T& D% k  p. R9 Z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& ]" U4 j4 f. P) K& k- c
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 x, j0 m! P# D* x5 T& M  ZA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
7 U3 f8 i7 ~4 L+ d( m: a6 E1 q# F2 tindependent precocious puberty, which is also known. D8 F8 }  Y3 F8 r+ }5 t, x- U6 W, i: s
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 o2 R; W. ^- g5 _3 ?
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
4 s/ X/ A6 S' }with this disorder are full pubertal development,
) P9 w) n0 H$ Z" ?* iincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 j7 u+ q8 L/ M& Gwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 f1 R2 e9 c8 D) H) nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 x) k  z; a3 V+ P, Tpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-: z1 ~  P2 ]7 q2 d4 Z
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ f) S- Z& N- b
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only) g- G; C; o& i' S3 m" V! j* z- D
males; therefore, other male members of the family) x; Y7 [. {/ h# B) N
may have similar precocious puberty.3
4 z0 l" {* d# L2 Y5 s2 DIn our patient, physical examination was incon-& Y# e. p: W4 e* o4 f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) U# Z$ ]5 h. P6 e
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
3 t" `6 \( H/ I6 C& ]: Vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father% x2 U+ `: r2 O  N: f$ h
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,3 A' C: X( ?: ?1 u1 A! U* I( t
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 {9 d, @' Y& O1 t: Qbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 _* G6 e& F+ j: n* |+ m( e& N
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our4 O; W+ T8 y3 L' p& r
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, |: e# j, u" ?7 O9 q' keither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% a" b* q4 \# s" j$ d0 F  E" ^; A1 x
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: \8 l; I2 I( U! @' v+ q2 E% c
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& b5 p  K" D3 D. JThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  k! @* f8 Z8 k* W* esuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 b. C% m% J+ s3 x& t; u; B
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( U' t) S; M7 N! rpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and/ p+ f5 ?, `  ?& l# C
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-$ i' `, ?- s2 b0 u
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
) [9 E; Z. S. L. n6 X# ]& Musing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% ^" l/ _: S& m- ?2 z/ C, oDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or# |7 k  q, B! o0 ?- a* ~* p5 \
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" B8 r7 }$ P4 w; {
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
* n! d0 u$ x6 I6 D8 V1 P  s" l' z* V! WSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
! S5 U' r8 w' D& K1 a) `6 ^baseline value in those females who were exposed to3 X% R; }; R* `! r+ x/ C% y
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male" f) ~% A+ ~' Z  E8 }! h
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* A7 X% J1 M# t- v
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* C* A$ \1 Z. U/ f: M5 I- M0 w. Q
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
- n/ k, u7 i3 {6 }* j" dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ n+ m+ v5 f% w& ^) ^/ @! [5 e
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ n. r2 t4 @/ Y6 P' K
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ n, i4 X8 g) o( T- B9 E8 yactive in young children exposed to testosterone, a8 S  O1 c1 v  y( D7 Z" Z! [
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
% `) }' X8 x. C1 }1 Wdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! V/ j3 O# S7 _0 i, B5 z+ i
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in' B5 r/ m5 L- g* |) I) y; ?
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 }4 B6 M% E7 X& Tadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
% Y" B. S* w2 V& e' j. t% C& @1 SThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during( t8 q) O/ d" B1 u: a
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 Z% x3 w! _, D. p) R9 ?* Cadult height are not fully known and always remain
2 k9 x" N& l  y4 Ba concern. Children treated with short-term testos-+ K( m4 C0 z! ~6 e1 i/ O$ \2 `, Y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& f# _7 N' c# Y' s+ o
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after' B" ~* H; S' P. o7 P! `$ B, W
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! t8 }+ V, P- y! bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
  X1 G$ y2 Z- B: z7 A& h0 |There are conflicting reports and controversy
  ~0 A, I* Z' Lover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
& B3 d0 b5 R. [: I; Epenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- W. I8 I; k8 ]
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-6 U& C! a  W! Z0 r& Y  S$ g
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,0 d0 A6 |3 J' K- O; ?
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
' D0 m& i  Z1 Tchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ e+ d) z7 ]7 `) p$ w* m! s4 kpenile length in clinical studies.
5 U" c0 `2 I/ Z9 u# _Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is( H& i0 k! y. H3 y" p
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
6 R+ c) _: V2 ]5 X- g1 z9 htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ V: @, l. B* t7 `
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 i* n5 @6 i  `& ]2 Q. I
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of2 A& [. v' d% ~6 H4 E2 Q" {
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at. ^) h- s+ ]. X) [# M
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" m7 R. x4 ?) R, ~$ v) hheight will not be affected.
8 r' ^# I- m. O2 J, D! LAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
3 X2 |, d& `" l3 V: eability of androgen products in our society may0 s% U+ w  h" }3 Q8 t9 R1 Y; t/ E
indeed cause more virilization in male or female+ a- g! [  s; L) i' o; Y2 {1 ?, G
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 W4 z& E8 w) ?& s: \" d1 h
gen products must be considered and specific ques-6 S! U0 J% t+ N: n/ h. X! z
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# m- h! e( C' g' i6 R' Q( B# ggel should be asked of the family members during
$ c5 E* R' a9 |' Othe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 `/ P+ I, u" Q4 L2 P% yilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
$ y# J0 T. M! q, M5 }2 Jnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
$ C+ ]# y5 z. t6 ]  M5 Iappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! W2 }0 ~: ?/ j+ Phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ n* _! D: X, i8 tresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
- n+ y  E+ n& x1 Iinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
& n" q  C. E2 \$ P% Z) c8 baware of this fact, because most of these children/ ]: N0 ?! @( B9 j( e
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ Z# M  y% q% ~- d/ j0 Y: _
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a/ S5 G% U" [, ]8 S$ V
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
- G+ s& a- l5 z1 {3 |) \2 wfemale child who might come in contact with some-8 P* [& l8 Q: w% c. e
one using any of these products." _+ C" L  A$ `3 n- G
References8 ^1 q& ?7 y) k  }, M+ s# C& m" H0 v
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 q  r& Z+ C8 C! \and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric7 K$ s; r8 d5 h& F# i& G! u8 }
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
: L7 g) G, O" e0 e0 j2002: 565-628.8 Q! R* B3 R6 H" j* k# v
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- P" c$ r+ e  G- i' }puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old, t6 v6 D! B3 M- G# K9 _, W
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical- C2 j$ v# X- I* o
Exposure to Testosterone& x3 b* {1 W7 H1 \2 n/ w7 \
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 i1 {  z1 C6 B: H. I
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) Z4 A* t  R$ f3 }9 A: |3 OClinical Pediatrics
; O8 v2 q- w! |: b9 b9 P/ AVolume 46 Number 6" X2 x9 W7 c; D& A# S0 W7 Z& Q, ^
July 2007 540-543! Z3 n$ M3 Y' _5 b$ Z3 e  j' }
© 2007 Sage Publications
0 `0 Y, F* y8 M+ v3 m4 X10.1177/00099228062966512 d& a' {' V# q4 l; k4 e2 L
http://clp.sagepub.com2 L3 W2 C+ e. E1 F1 q, q
hosted at* A- r0 M% n4 ^0 L
http://online.sagepub.com8 ]; k" {) E: g
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,8 R- B; p. Y' h
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
' @  v8 ], v# e' yprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 f. k; e4 U, t( C  ^through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has8 K$ E- [% s5 [/ k! B
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 o( x$ R- Y( M& S/ K
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ a, v5 {( s" }
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 {( i9 @6 j8 [$ A$ q7 D8 f* @
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-  U6 R. \" c9 v/ p* u
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We5 k; _, N0 j0 @- p
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the. A% X5 a% D; }- d7 e8 a8 b: U
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! I  ?3 Q/ h: F, ]ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
$ B! u: b: A- {# N: y9 pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by" p( x( D/ S) q- X
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
. f; i  K6 E+ J5 p5 Hmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
7 v$ \) U( n* ?, c7 Hchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 u; z( ^5 X- [7 `testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 i. z! J- p0 d4 R2 n6 a
bly more common than the rare case report in the
/ s# k1 K+ V% C0 s" O& [, h. w% }literature.4
: i5 b% n! {/ ^, S! mPatient Report8 c& }2 `6 y! O' }, P8 Q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the) L' x2 Y+ y! S! P8 i9 T
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 a" K) X* u2 S2 C2 e2 q
of early sexual development. His mother noticed+ V# v6 n5 \7 k4 r
light colored pubic hair development when he was5 e2 g& V2 ]9 [( k
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ d1 }+ E) c  ]
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
) q9 ~3 o7 \3 K6 {' X+ RAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,# H# H1 X6 ]1 _: O9 s; ]8 X' Z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
  p/ _7 }# Y4 p5 x* P% x. TMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: O/ h/ I. f8 q- C+ _
e-mail: [email protected].$ [# Z/ x$ v2 z9 _
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became- F, Y' D! E9 o/ O+ g
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
1 h2 x. \7 ]# dment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
2 @% Q2 C! c9 {% dwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with$ W- y3 ?. g; A' B+ E# K& U5 |; R
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; i# H8 a" f; G
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year* {5 I' c$ ?/ [8 |( m9 s) K
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 O. W7 h, l4 K, ~  g1 l3 r$ P- d
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( I% y/ O5 |+ ]3 U! }2 N2 Z/ c) W
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development( N  m  @5 @# H6 f! k0 N6 U
was age appropriate.
' X9 e1 u& n0 K" }! iThe family history was remarkable for the father,
2 R( w% ~; x7 J8 D3 s1 {) Q2 Iwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
3 F2 |5 y9 R  j7 y  w1 O+ ?which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
: Y. v5 ]; R3 g" `" Yheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
8 F. a" V3 d2 X6 hearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.! T; C; p/ m0 S! X
The father denied taking any other medication. The
7 F; o; ]% Y9 s, M5 W* bchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( a9 w+ ~9 f2 ?6 nwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
# m/ Q7 f1 ?+ T5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-5 N- @, w3 U6 }
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-3 @2 c( Q  \9 M7 B8 Y1 c! d/ B
tives. There were no siblings.
' A, M% b7 l; ]& O& r% ]7 YPhysical Examination  t1 _, R" r. G, ?1 C. G1 T
The physical examination revealed a very active,
; s' C, P# v9 I! G% rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
5 n0 R+ w3 {) M8 ?5 w8 ?, _$ {a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was& h7 Q- ~3 M& F. U7 Z& R
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 m: O3 }  T. Q( |4 y4 W(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 V( m8 Z$ k: J( l% p
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
& H, y) w& C( R& xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ V/ o! Z. @$ e! ~) yThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! i7 y& G* @5 f! n& k8 O& Venlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of& S' D$ E5 h0 ~' n
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
3 m1 Y8 O5 ]: L. Cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
$ Y4 V7 S. |( Z540
' c) U( r* f1 }; oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 _) s4 T) s8 @& T
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 L+ \$ P$ h( L' S6 |; \9 Z
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.  r. p! E0 S( n8 l  \( _4 t- O
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
0 D. \' [' u+ s) y3 Goily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no- N1 g2 ?# t: i( u) v$ d1 R& d7 r
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.3 r, X. }' E8 d; g$ |
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+1 I2 M* K0 m, j* b, @; T
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
; t$ z- w$ E8 ]) v2 H- _3 s% Xof papilledema.
9 Z9 W7 ~9 n2 WLaboratory Evaluation
. e: e- [- A4 ^' N) s" QThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by" m5 |4 N  i0 F7 }$ Y
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-9 U& Q6 U$ k. B! B% T# j
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' T" v8 H1 R( @; z4 i" L* t0 S2 @karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
  c( s- T* d" j& J$ @9 z% Eshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, y* ~$ s" [, |
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).& G+ ^8 F0 g. j9 N' u9 h
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; f, A" z( D' t3 F
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 h& {* C$ r3 o4 s
within normal range for his age. The concentration
* {' ^# j* I$ S; d5 mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
$ x/ z4 N& F- u9 M(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 207 t7 J6 x3 r1 ^' I& K+ N$ D9 E% s
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 s8 `$ G: d' V4 g5 o0 gterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 V0 B! H0 ?6 V2 [
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# x1 Y, D. D1 v- i& e3 j49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- R! r% v. n+ nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-2 w0 ^  J6 ]2 O2 E7 N' d  A! T
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
/ J$ d  r1 @5 P6 o% i$ `6 D4 vtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 e# F  o) l  K  G1 Y' E! O9 D4 W
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than1 G: `. ~0 Y% N& }8 o
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 p. M1 ]1 W. Y5 O' D9 }4 j. L
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone3 M9 b! B/ f7 X& k* f; e3 A
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 t4 e( x! m  h9 z2 R
(prepubertal).
7 ~5 G# D* w0 c$ Q! xThe parents were notified about the laboratory+ W- R, ^4 N( K- H) s" d& M
results and were informed that all of the tests were5 _- I7 c, p  ~+ c- l# {4 p
normal except the testosterone level was high. The1 v7 z6 x2 Y; a+ [
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& `$ ~  ]- o( i1 D& Y& n
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
' H% E7 M9 k% G, yever, the family did not return for 4 months.
* X- J" K3 W# XPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
1 D% f" Q6 D5 q2 ]/ G' ^child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ {: B3 }/ t6 g' S( |
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! @7 f' `! i8 l. Aunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* K& B: C8 q( a
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at, b1 A: l$ I. q/ i
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 F- D% F* p0 B% t
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
$ {% C# L7 V5 b# eThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 x3 l6 |; v- n1 e6 y
ing frequent erections.6 ?; i+ _7 U9 g! j( a3 E
Both parents were again questioned about use of
% P6 u$ H0 N4 d$ R7 |+ Xany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% K8 o8 l6 Z  g( K  Fthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the. l7 z5 D- u3 q- \7 V
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
6 D! _, S" l2 c. [) Z' A* zuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ M* t% M$ R6 N9 ?1 y0 f' Zing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for+ ~& f( |5 O  a3 W3 X! h+ O
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed; L4 _- O# O- d% s/ m; q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-, }4 w- z  \5 I& `" x; a. \: C
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido% t$ W' d; i, Q  a. @8 \  y+ F
secondary to depression.
/ f* f1 I0 M5 Q3 H0 MThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
9 V2 W# u+ U6 t, x3 nThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 j% f" J* ]0 g1 |: b
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ m6 y. _6 l( A, F5 E6 ~
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.# ^  n5 n: I0 @& i
The father also admitted that after the phone call,2 }+ l, b: y* i8 _+ Y
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby0 s3 N  T- H( E8 ^: b  U, u; y
was high, he then read the product information
% X4 u( m9 |+ a4 a$ K# Upacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 h. c' ~5 e+ ?- Json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they- {% C8 @8 o" z+ t! i+ R7 `+ _; N
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
, c$ r' \& M6 S7 q# R7 s* gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 J) I7 l& f: e1 z, Sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 M+ h! u0 }, U. f* m! Q+ j2 Ztest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ _2 G$ d. ]- S$ K8 b- blaboratory to obtain the test.7 t2 r- a0 x+ r$ k7 N- ~
Discussion( w! L$ A4 W% c, Z" P$ U
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
% Y; p9 e7 q# Bsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! Y! M: l) G6 S% G# d! A" g4 ^4 }Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
1 Q0 u+ c5 @9 ait is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% m" G& `- |# z( Vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
& Q  K6 u# P" w5 mmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP, r/ I3 }5 M3 `+ h
may have a central nervous system lesion that is8 R9 J/ b  f. ?9 O2 k
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
& N3 ]) q' r$ N, X, Tamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 n: W3 X$ g0 F
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' P* U* o# R# F# C, V0 u/ }! _
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
3 e1 H! J3 D8 s/ K7 a) ?& Oization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
8 B" T5 F5 f* A1 arical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; `& [9 U3 N! z6 [
gonadotropins.1,3/ D- m5 U1 O( D5 ^8 X
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" _3 E/ [5 d  f
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate" C2 i) V# ]' ^; \& `+ x
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or( U6 p# O0 S, G% W: r" Z) L
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 S$ Y) d) {5 V* ^; q0 _9 }
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" Y% u$ @$ e3 [5 N. {5 i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 q* P: h. s! W& Aadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 E6 i& z2 X; n3 M) A- O7 gpuberty in boys.3,4
7 ]( ]6 ?/ x- D+ `+ oThe most common form of congenital adrenal8 F$ x7 `; |! u. U  O
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
1 n: l" Z7 X* M) V5 A' xThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
# i& Z1 g, e+ T+ Z& eexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( e1 `) h/ ^  C' Y9 X
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
+ ]0 T% Y2 c" L. x9 e5 Xexcess.1,3
4 p' K$ e2 W+ a" r- {; {5 _at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' V8 T; y( s6 c) n% I542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
/ A1 [$ x% B2 ?% m+ DA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) k5 m, l, H* i) N) y$ o
independent precocious puberty, which is also known/ D& L7 u6 ^8 C, d+ @( y4 T
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a6 q8 i- P3 J$ m8 l
very young age. The physical findings in these boys; j4 ~0 h( D5 E9 i- o! {
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 @4 h6 m. y) hincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
! e5 D" ~8 t, L* Cwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 g; n) t5 q3 t% K
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; h% g$ @- W! ~2 @pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: r" N3 i1 h8 L  M4 H5 ]releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
5 T5 T: p8 S( z9 D9 z, J  pautosomal dominant disorder that affects only! y$ P: M+ `) Q5 U
males; therefore, other male members of the family
3 s8 k2 O1 @$ Umay have similar precocious puberty.3
$ i, y. Q9 L/ ~# I7 v9 z+ _$ ^In our patient, physical examination was incon-
6 T( T$ U& X% l2 `( f; ysistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-0 j, y* \7 Z  C" C( Q, p
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis" o) y0 ~: Y) R3 j7 n1 e
was in the differential diagnosis because his father9 C0 W& U" u/ i+ b2 `0 t
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 A# x/ G0 p9 Atesticular enlargement is not that evident in the$ \7 [1 F& j6 i0 k: P. \
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-8 x. I. c! h% `1 r! D* O1 w3 _
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
; D3 o" }! ~: v& Z9 r1 d" D6 w8 W  vbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,2 h# _* v9 I# C! D
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase9 b3 {0 k7 T- X, ^# v9 P& f
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
7 [- Z' I1 a3 G1 f' _- }ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.. n4 R. `( w! ?
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
# }2 f, ]. a' P% n& S. _* [suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
9 [' ]4 {- Z' r5 V8 I( Vthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' C& ^4 H: ?( zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 t. H0 F" L9 S$ T
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
7 r! {2 `. X$ c8 K; pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was6 y/ n; X% G" e, Q
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’$ g6 `3 M4 n( m1 w1 n2 g
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
0 n1 |- W9 I- o2 k  f. B# ]& ~cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& X5 ^$ t* [% h! O& v
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 }5 y( k& {( K( D7 \Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ U; B5 Z, k3 d" I4 |
baseline value in those females who were exposed to: D# N+ c8 _8 c8 J% }" I
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 P: x& _; J0 v* }( i0 Y
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: a2 l, H% {) v% S9 {2 {
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.# b& \  i/ M# ^$ f. M
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," E; k' A1 d7 w
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 y& v& ~; w6 M5 ]
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-6 M8 P. U+ |& M) u2 b: B
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
- d0 y* N, U/ `% [" h2 Qactive in young children exposed to testosterone- m  i+ _5 v3 X& R% F8 L- i4 b5 A
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: o9 A& H5 d2 @  P+ b; @# }drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
2 G$ w; e# \* t! `! z( g& _1 Uvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; V0 i  L3 {$ schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
9 s7 ]+ o% [" iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) D6 g  b. Z( n$ t. K
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
# L. l5 [- i* P; ]- Oearly childhood on pubertal development and final0 W- E# p# K8 U" l
adult height are not fully known and always remain
5 L7 G9 P1 b* u+ _a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-& X) f4 N( }8 _5 g% l( d& D
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some) R* Z% k* U: L5 x
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
9 V+ g  v+ {* e8 m1 wcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 f/ |5 F5 a9 {% k1 k
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,94 F# k8 I4 q5 E7 b' K
There are conflicting reports and controversy
( N1 v9 S/ ^7 l. S$ _over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
3 e  N( v8 [" v2 Ypenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 K* Z1 H* j1 X$ _* @adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-8 S0 g8 d/ w5 H5 W  U+ P' Z
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,+ B0 T$ e# ]' t, ?" s. b
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between# x6 M4 x" a$ J
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult6 v/ Z) q" e) A+ G* R1 q
penile length in clinical studies.& j* M4 M. x5 r" @& o* x; ]* T
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 E; o5 D; Q- ^; V7 q7 u$ ^  E) [
going to experience any of the untoward effects from0 C7 Q1 Q# q: B# K+ e
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because, p6 E1 T3 ^! e* O- a' O
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 R. G, A( O6 `. z& L  R
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of( Z; p6 e4 a- j* w9 P
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 |4 P7 N' m. D% L+ [! v1 Uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 D3 n' w: O# B8 uheight will not be affected.
: B1 M* w7 i* C, J- s9 y  |( zAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
6 u5 Y4 @/ X7 Z1 j$ S& j' Eability of androgen products in our society may
/ ~: p1 A3 w! b# Z$ N8 l2 Uindeed cause more virilization in male or female
- `' P$ {9 h' @6 }3 [8 T# @1 G1 t: Bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-1 @* g3 R+ S$ T
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
/ C+ ?  s0 }; K0 d) d/ ?/ |tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
1 ]. y. s1 @: ]% H7 Z- C4 ^! Ngel should be asked of the family members during: q- Q2 |+ G' G) O0 J# i$ z  |) W+ B
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
) L, K9 X4 Q2 [% n9 y  [& Vilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& W0 [( k5 X8 n4 ^6 v% Bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by# F8 G$ A7 D" n" [
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
: U" X7 n, |: r) E. x( g7 Z7 chistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ [6 p4 N! w2 v' b9 ~  \
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive# e& |9 g; q; \$ Q. E+ _
investigation. The primary care physician should be! ^0 K/ g" a* f* r8 x. }' s7 k
aware of this fact, because most of these children- P7 M  X/ A" ^; E. v) q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’1 `& j/ n$ D* p. P5 f2 I
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a# w+ {- @/ Y* ?0 A
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
* c9 e$ q% Q  wfemale child who might come in contact with some-
- V0 q+ b( D+ O+ D# {" xone using any of these products.
3 \3 q5 O8 j$ u2 F8 ?References
( |, I' ^3 `. m' G# D8 @8 s1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
" O4 ~+ _- j  k; z9 X: ~+ P2 }and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! o, i% K3 Z3 r4 x2 M. `
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;8 n4 T& g& M% ?1 F7 k
2002: 565-628.- R. K1 |( a4 v8 H
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 s( F7 X3 a4 w
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

' Y8 c* {$ [1 R, P精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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